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However, reaching the level of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines may instead depend upon the air quality co-benefits of ambitious climate action. Here, we assess pathways of Chinese PM2.5 air quality from 2015 to 2060 under a combination of scenarios that link global and Chinese climate mitigation pathways (i.e. global 2\u00b0C- and 1.5\u00b0C-pathways, National Determined Contributions (NDC) pledges and carbon neutrality goals) to local clean air policies. We find that China can achieve both its near-term climate goals (peak emissions) and PM2.5 air quality annual standard (35\u00a0\u03bcg\/m3) by 2030 by fulfilling its NDC pledges and continuing air pollution control policies. However, the benefits of end-of-pipe control reductions are mostly exhausted by 2030, and reducing PM2.5 exposure of the majority of the Chinese population to below 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/m3 by 2060 will likely require more ambitious climate mitigation efforts such as China's carbon neutrality goals and global 1.5\u00b0C-pathways. Our results thus highlight that China's carbon neutrality goals will play a critical role in reducing air pollution exposure to the level of the WHO guidelines and protecting public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T11:29:24Z","timestamp":1619522964000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":375,"title":["Pathways of China's PM2.5 air quality 2015\u20132060 in the context of carbon neutrality"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System 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