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However, because the microbial NOx emissions have been substantially underestimated on the land and unconstrained in the ocean, the global microbial NOx emissions and their importance relative to the known fossil-fuel NOx emissions remain unclear. Here we complied data on stable N isotopes of nitrate in atmospheric particulates over the land and ocean to ground-truth estimates of NOx emissions worldwide. By considering the N isotope effect of NOx transformations to particulate nitrate combined with dominant NOx emissions in the land (coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning and microbial N cycle) and ocean (oil combustion, microbial N cycle), we demonstrated that microbial NOx emissions account for 24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04%, 58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03% and 31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012% in the land, ocean and global environment, respectively. Corresponding amounts of microbial NOx emissions in the land (13.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.7\u00a0Tg\u00a0N\u00a0yr\u22121), ocean (8.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.5\u00a0Tg\u00a0N\u00a0yr\u22121) and globe (22.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.7\u00a0Tg\u00a0N\u00a0yr\u22121) are about 0.5, 1.4 and 0.6 times on average those of fossil-fuel NOx emissions in these sectors. Our findings provide empirical constraints on model predictions, revealing significant contributions of the microbial N cycle to regional NOx emissions into the atmospheric system, which is critical information for mitigating strategies, budgeting N deposition and evaluating the effects of atmospheric NOx loading on the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:56:46Z","timestamp":1654253806000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Isotopic constraints confirm the significant role of microbial nitrogen oxides emissions from the land and ocean environment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue-Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Z","family":"Houlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Development and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14850 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong-Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091515440057300_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Excess 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