{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:04:45Z","timestamp":1782403485099,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0715100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0715100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42273041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42273041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007641","name":"Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology Museums in China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0048\/2020\/A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0048\/2020\/A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Temperature probes onboard the Chang\u2019E-4 (CE-4) spacecraft provide the first in situ regolith temperature measurements from the far side of the Moon. We present these temperature measurements with a customized thermal model and reveal the particle size of the lunar regolith at the CE-4 landing site to be \u223c15\u00a0\u03bcm on average over depth, which indicates an immature regolith below the surface. In addition, the conductive component of thermal conductivity is measured as \u223c1.53\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u20133\u00a0W m\u20131 K\u20131 on the surface and \u223c8.48\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u20133\u00a0W m\u20131 K\u20131 at a depth of 1 m. The average bulk density is \u223c471\u00a0kg m\u20133 on the surface and \u223c824\u00a0kg m\u20133 in the upper 30\u00a0cm of the lunar regolith. These thermophysical properties provide important additional \u2018ground truth\u2019 at the lunar far side, which is critical for the future analysis and interpretation of global temperature observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T18:25:32Z","timestamp":1661538332000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Thermophysical properties of the regolith on the lunar far side revealed by the <i>in situ<\/i> temperature probing of the Chang\u2019E-4 mission"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0538-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuoran","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0168-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.11.039","article-title":"A new method to determine the grain size of planetary regolith","volume":"223","author":"Gundlach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib2","first-page":"2311","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of fines from Apollo 12","author":"Cremers","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Second Lunar Science Conference"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib3","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of Apollo 15 fines at low density","author":"Cremers","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Lunar Science Conference"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JE005387","article-title":"Global regolith thermophysical properties of the moon from the Diviner lunar radiometer experiment","volume":"122","author":"Hayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Planets"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.02.001","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of surficial lunar regolith estimated from lunar reconnaissance orbiter Diviner radiometer data","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet Space Sci"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12278-3","article-title":"Descent trajectory reconstruction and landing site positioning of Chang\u2019E-4 on the lunar farside","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0341-7","article-title":"Lunar farside to be explored by Chang\u2019e-4","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Geosci"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1360\/SST-2021-0451","article-title":"In situ temperature measurement of shallow lunar soil on the far side of the Moon based on Chang\u2019E-4 Mission (in Chinese)","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Sin Tech"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib9","first-page":"65","article-title":"Design and verification of heat and electricity cogeneration system in moon night of Chang\u2019E-4 lander (in Chinese)","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spacecraft Engineering"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-26017-X_2","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of metals","volume-title":"Thermal Conductivity","author":"Uher","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy004","article-title":"Dimensional crossover of heat conduction in amorphous polyimide nanofibers","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.86.4.247","article-title":"Topographic and geomorphological mapping and analysis of the Chang\u2019E-4 landing site on the far side of the moon","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photogramm Eng Remote Sens"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2021.05.009","article-title":"Analysis of plume\u2013lunar surface interaction and soil erosion during the Chang\u2019E-4 landing process","volume":"185","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00562206","article-title":"Lunar soil grain size distribution","volume":"6","author":"Carrier","year":"1973","journal-title":"The Moon"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.03.013","article-title":"Outgassing of icy bodies in the solar system - II. Heat transport in dry, porous surface dust layers","volume":"219","author":"Gundlach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib16","volume-title":"Lunar Sourcebook\u2014A User's Guide to the Moon","author":"Heiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005577","article-title":"Geological characteristics of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater, northwestern south pole-Aitken basin: Chang\u2019E-4 landing site region","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Planets"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwab188","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab188","article-title":"Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang\u2019E-5 mission","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-022-9966-5","article-title":"A novel method for simultaneous analysis of particle size and mineralogy for Chang\u2019E-5 lunar soil with minimum sample consumption","volume":"65","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci China Earth Sci"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl7957","article-title":"Age and composition of young basalts on the Moon, measured from samples returned by Chang\u2019e-5","volume":"374","author":"Che","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.12.003","article-title":"Spectroscopic observations of the Moon at the lunar surface","volume":"484","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci Lett"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2016.08.012","article-title":"The global surface temperatures of the Moon as measured by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment","volume":"283","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040590","article-title":"Localization of the Chang\u2019E-5 lander using radio-tracking and image-based methods","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.04.033","article-title":"The stratification of regolith on celestial objects","volume":"257","author":"Schr\u00e4pler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.115503","article-title":"Structure and mechanical properties of high-porosity macroscopic agglomerates formed by random ballistic deposition","volume":"93","author":"Blum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020JE006564","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006564","article-title":"Properties of lunar regolith on the moon's farside unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 lunar penetrating radar","volume":"126","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Planets"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay6898","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib28","first-page":"475","article-title":"Physical properties of the lunar surface","author":"Carrier","year":"1991"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.01.010","article-title":"Regolith thickness over the lunar nearside: results from Earth-based 70-cm Arecibo radar observations","volume":"218","author":"Fa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E00H18","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JE003987","article-title":"Lunar equatorial surface temperatures and regolith properties from the diviner lunar radiometer experiment","volume":"117","author":"Vasavada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib31","article-title":"Thermal infrared observations of the moon during lunar eclipse using the air force Maui space surveillance system","author":"Hayne","year":"2015","journal-title":"46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib32","first-page":"3143","article-title":"Revised lunar heat-flow values","author":"Langseth","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Senventh Lunar Science Conference"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(73)90084-8","article-title":"Apollo 15 measurement of lunar surface brightness temperatures - thermal conductivity of the upper 1 1\/2 meters of regolith","volume":"19","author":"Keihm","year":"1973","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sci Lett"},{"key":"2023011008590022500_bib34","first-page":"2503","article-title":"Surface brightness temperatures at the Apollo 17 heat flow site: thermal conductivity of the upper 15\u00a0cm of regolith","author":"Keihm","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Lunar Science Conference"}],"container-title":["National Science Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwac175\/46643334\/nwac175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article-pdf\/9\/11\/nwac175\/48591620\/nwac175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article-pdf\/9\/11\/nwac175\/48591620\/nwac175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1673342558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwac175\/6677425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwac175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-5138","2053-714X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-5138","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-714X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"article-number":"nwac175"}}