{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:04:35Z","timestamp":1791835475634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12074164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12074164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12274069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12274069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12325401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12325401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team","award":["2021ZT09C296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZT09C296"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory Program","award":["2021B1212040001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212040001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Materials possessing long-range ordering of magnetic spins or electric dipoles have been the focus of condensed matter research. Among them, ferri-systems with two sublattices of unequal\/non-collinear spins or electric dipoles are expected to combine the properties of ferro- and antiferro-systems, but lack experimental observations in single-phase materials. This is particularly true for the ferrielectric system, since the electric dipoles can usually be redefined to incorporate the two sublattices into one, making it indistinguishable from ferroelectric. This raises doubts about whether or not ferrielectricity can be considered as an independent ferroic order. Here we report the observation of true ferrielectric behaviors in a hybrid single crystal (MV)[SbBr5] (MV2+\u00a0=\u00a0N,N\u2032-dimethyl-4,4\u2032-bipyridinium or methyl viologen), where the two electric dipole sublattices switch asynchronously, and thus cannot be reduced to ferroelectric by redefining the unit cell. Furthermore, the complex dipole configuration imparts circularly polarized light sensitivity to the system. An electric field can modulate the non-collinear dipole sublattices and even induce a transition from ferrielectric to ferroelectric state, thereby tuning the helicity-dependent photocurrent. This study opens a new paradigm for the study of true irreducible ferrielectricity (a new class of polar systems) and provides an effective approach to the electric field control of spin-orbit coupling and circular photogalvanic effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T11:52:47Z","timestamp":1754567567000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Electric field control of spin orbit coupling and circular photogalvanic effect in a true ferrielectric crystal"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlin","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, , Nanjing 211189 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Normal University College of Physics and Materials Science, , Tianjin 300387 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing University Multi-scale Porous Materials Center, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, , Chongqing 400044 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, , Changchun 130012 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Normal University College of Physics and Materials Science, , Tianjin 300387 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanshou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Normal University College of Physics and Materials Science, , Tianjin 300387 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinxin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjiang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China University of Technology School of Emergent Soft Matter, , Guangzhou 510640 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, , Nanjing 211189 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Physics & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, , Shenzhen 518055 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"City University of Hong Kong Department of Physics, , Hong Kong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1051\/anphys\/194812030137","article-title":"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s magn\u00e9tiques des ferrites; ferrimagn\u00e9tisme et antiferromagn\u00e9tisme","volume":"12","author":"N\u00e9el","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann Phys"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1956.274948","article-title":"Fundamental theory of ferro-and ferri-magnetism","volume":"44","author":"Van-Vleck","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc IRE"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094119","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.094119","article-title":"Ferrielectricity in the metal-organic ferroelectric tris-sarcosine calcium chloride","volume":"95","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3001933","article-title":"Asymmetric switching in a ferrielectric liquid crystal device","volume":"93","author":"Jaradat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153507","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3119208","article-title":"Stable field-induced ferrielectric liquid crystal phases in devices","volume":"94","author":"Jaradat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.120.1670","article-title":"Ferrielectricity","volume":"120","author":"Pulvari","year":"1960","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1728800","article-title":"Na(Nb1\u2212xVx)O3 system and \u2018ferrielectricity\u2019","volume":"33","author":"Miller","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17664-w","article-title":"Unveiling the ferrielectric nature of PbZrO3-based antiferroelectric materials","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206541","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206541","article-title":"Ferrielectricity in the archetypal antiferroelectric, PbZrO3","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11122","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC01926E","article-title":"Exchange coupling in an electrodeposited magnetic bilayer of Prussian blue analogues","volume":"3","author":"Prieto-Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mater Chem C"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12193","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.58.12193","article-title":"Exchange-spring behavior in epitaxial hard\/soft magnetic bilayers","volume":"58","author":"Fullerton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530003","DOI":"10.1142\/S2010135X15300030","article-title":"Ferrielectricity in DyMn2O5: a golden touchstone for multiferroicity of RMn2O5 family","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Dielectr"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41535-020-00252-y","article-title":"Direct visualization of irreducible ferrielectricity in crystals","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Quantum Mater"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay7356","article-title":"Emergent helical texture of electric dipoles","volume":"369","author":"Khalyavin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L140104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.L140104","article-title":"Noncollinear ferrielectricity and morphotropic phase boundary in monolayer GeS","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"067601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.067601","article-title":"Frustrated dipole order induces noncollinear proper ferrielectricity in two dimensions","volume":"123","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10860","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.56.10860","article-title":"Ferrielectric ordering in lamellar CuInP2S6","volume":"56","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-020-0986-0","article-title":"Van der Waals layered ferroelectric CuInP2S6: physical properties and device applications","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5088557","article-title":"Ultra-low electric field-driven dielectric tunability in hybrid ferroelectric (MV)[BiI3Cl2]","volume":"114","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187204","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.113.187204","article-title":"BaFe2Se3: a high TC magnetic multiferroic with large ferrielectric polarization","volume":"113","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2012.03.020","article-title":"The motley family of polar compounds (MV)[M(X5\u2212xX\u2032x)] based on anionic chains of trans-connected M(III) \u00a0(X, X\u2032)6 octahedra (M= Bi, Sb; X, X\u2032= Cl, Br, I) and methylviologen (MV) dications","volume":"195","author":"Leblanc","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Solid State Chem"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.19660150224","article-title":"Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous germanium","volume":"15","author":"Tauc","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys Status Solidi B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104110","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.109.104110","article-title":"Bulk photovoltaic effect of a hybrid ferroelectric semiconductor","volume":"109","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib24","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Properties of semiconductors with an extremum loop. I. Cyclotron and combinational resonance in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the loop","volume":"2","author":"Rashba","year":"1960","journal-title":"Sov Phys Solid State"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.95.568","article-title":"Spin-orbit interaction and the effective masses of holes in germanium","volume":"95","author":"Dresselhaus","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys Rev"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0067-8","article-title":"The influence of the Rashba effect","volume":"17","author":"Stranks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14073-6","article-title":"Circular photogalvanic spectroscopy of Rashba splitting in 2D hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite multiple quantum wells","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-01016-9","article-title":"Room-temperature electrically switchable spin-valley coupling in a van der Waals ferroelectric halide perovskite with persistent spin helix","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Photonics"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05734-z","article-title":"Symmetry regimes for circular photocurrents in monolayer MoSe2","volume":"9","author":"Quereda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.183","article-title":"Generation and electric control of spin-valley-coupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe2","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1303-3","article-title":"Enhanced intrinsic photovoltaic effect in tungsten disulfide nanotubes","volume":"570","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125434","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.125434","article-title":"Photon drag effect in (Bi1\u2212xSbx)2Te3 three-dimensional topological insulators","volume":"93","author":"Plank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65436-2","volume-title":"Spin Physics in Semiconductors","author":"Dyakonov","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025091007463214200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.214","article-title":"Control over topological insulator photocurrents with light polarization","volume":"7","author":"McIver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"}],"container-title":["National Science Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf320\/63991528\/nwaf320.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/nwaf320\/63991528\/nwaf320.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/nwaf320\/63991528\/nwaf320.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:46:38Z","timestamp":1757504798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nsr\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf320\/8228478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf320","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-5138","2053-714X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-5138","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-714X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"article-number":"nwaf320"}}