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This work explores significant advances and emerging challenges across the AI for atmosphere\u2013ocean sciences, while outlining critical ways forward. We review deep-learning methods and their application in weather and climate forecasting, which outperforms dynamical models in accuracy and computational efficiency. The role of AI in detecting complex phenomena, enhancing data assimilation and reconstruction, bias correction and downscaling coarse model outputs is also examined. However, the \u2018black-box\u2019 nature of complex AI models necessitates a focus on explainable AI to build trust and extract mechanistic insight. The most promising path forward is identified as the development of hybrid physics\u2013AI modeling, which integrates the data-driven power of AI with the foundational constraints of physical laws to ensure generalizability and causal consistency. A new framework for AI-based model intercomparison is essential for rigorous benchmark performance. Finally, we contextualize these technical developments by discussing the usefulness and applicability of AI to society, including the improvement of multi-hazard early-warning systems and green energy production. We conclude by envisioning the future of AI agents for Earth science\u2014autonomous, goal-oriented systems capable of designing and running experiments, generating and testing hypotheses, and learning dynamics from multisource data. This synthesis underscores that AI is not merely a tool, but a paradigm shift, which will significantly improve how we understand and adapt to a changing climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:42:45Z","timestamp":1769604165000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["AI for atmosphere\u2013ocean sciences: advancements, challenges and ways forward"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing-Jia","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management (CPRM)\/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Intelligent Weather Forecasting and Applications Based on Big Data\/ICAR\/CIC-FEMD\/KLME\/ILCEC, School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 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