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Hierarchical porous structures formed by the synergistic combination of macropores (\u223c300\u2013600 \u03bcm) and micropores (smaller than 20 \u03bcm) can better mimic the structural characteristics of native bone, thereby promoting osteogenesis. In this study, we developed direct ink writing (DIW) technology to fabricate a graded porous tantalum scaffold designed to promote osteogenesis. In the DIW printing process, a rheologically optimized ink and carefully calibrated printing parameters were utilized, enabling stable fabrication of patient-specific scaffold precursors with well-defined macropores. Following a controlled sintering process, the scaffolds exhibited macropores (\u223c400\u2013500 \u03bcm in diameter) and interconnected micropores (\u223c0.5\u201323 \u03bcm in diameter), allowing tailoring of the mechanical properties and porosity to closely approximate those of native human bone. The well-controlled hierarchical porous structure exhibited excellent biocompatibility and significantly increased osteoinductive performance both in vitro and in vivo, accelerating new bone formation. We validated the reliable customization capabilities of this DIW-based tantalum scaffold printing method. The controllable porous structure further enhances the osseointegration potential of the implant, opening promising new avenues for the development of personalized bone implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:20:24Z","timestamp":1779794424000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct ink writing of tantalum: tailorable hierarchical porous scaffold for osteogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guangbin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , Xi\u2019an 710054 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bochen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical 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