{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:50:25Z","timestamp":1782402625927,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22188102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22188102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3702905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3702905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008048","name":"Nanjing University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20250210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remains a leading environmental health risk, yet air pollution control policies typically assume equal toxicity across emission sources. Unravelling the unequal toxicities in global PM2.5 emissions can support more effective air pollution control. Here, we integrate cell-based toxicological profiles with global emission inventories to develop the first global dataset of toxicity-adjusted PM2.5 emissions. We show that global toxicity-adjusted emissions are dominated by residential solid-fuel combustion, and that hotspots of PM2.5 mass and toxicity diverge substantially, with the highest toxicities occurring largely in regions reliant on traditional biomass. Low-income countries exhibit disproportionately high toxicity-adjusted emissions relative to their energy use, revealing a strong global environmental inequity. Incorporating unequal toxicities reshapes emission-control priorities, shifting many countries from mass-dominated industrial or power sectors towards residential combustion. We propose a toxicity-informed framework for air pollution control, which is adaptable to diverse socioeconomic contexts and can enhance global health and sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:27:47Z","timestamp":1779377267000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicity-informed control of global PM2.5 emissions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haotian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing-Helsinki Institute in Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University State Key Laboratory of Climate Resilience for Coastal Cities, Department of Civil and Environmental 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Environment , Beijing 100084 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling N","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University State Key Laboratory of Climate Resilience for Coastal Cities, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, , Hong Kong ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Health Technology and Informatics, , Hong Kong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 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