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Here, we show that activity of catecholamine neurons, known to be higher during wakefulness than NREM sleep, enhances cortical ignition, a process closely associated with conscious awareness. Chemogenetic activation and inactivation of catecholamine neurons, particularly dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively, increased and decreased the amplitude of anterior cingulate area (ACA) excitation evoked by visual cortex (V1) stimulation. Ketamine and isoflurane, two commonly used general anesthetics, greatly reduced V1-to-ACA activity propagation. In addition to suppressing ongoing cortical activity, these general anesthetics significantly reduced the activity of VTA dopaminergic and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, with dopaminergic activity dropping well below its level during NREM sleep. The strong inhibition of frontal cortical activity evoked by V1 stimulation, prominent during NREM sleep, was also absent under ketamine and isoflurane anesthesia. These results indicate that general anesthesia and NREM sleep suppress global ignition through overlapping but non-identical mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:52:20Z","timestamp":1783353140000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catecholamine modulation of frontal cortical ignition during wakefulness, sleep and anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8949-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Songjiang Research Institute Department of Anesthesiology, ; Department of Emergency and Critical Disease, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Helen Wills 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