{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:59:55Z","timestamp":1791215995387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022ZD0204900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0204900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["YDZX20233100001002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX20233100001002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA1009402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA1009402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Optimal decision-making under uncertainty is critical for survival, yet real-world decisions often deviate from optimality. Here, we report a rarity-induced bias in humans and mice, where rare events exert a stronger and more persistent impact on subsequent decisions than common events. Optogenetic manipulations reveal distinct learning stage-specific roles of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC): in the na\u00efve stage, PPC drives the rarity-induced bias and interferes with optimal decisions; in the expert stage, PPC becomes essential for stimulus-based decisions. In vivo recordings support these dynamic roles, showing that rare reward history bidirectionally modulates choice-selective PPC neurons to induce bias, while learning enhances stimulus-encoding of PPC neurons to promote optimal decisions. A data-inspired dual-agent model recapitulated the bias and learning process, and predicted PPC\u2019s contribution to learning as confirmed by optogenetics. Our study uncovers a rarity-induced bias, and reveals PPC\u2019s essential roles in mediating this bias and stimulus-based learning under uncertainty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:20:20Z","timestamp":1784546420000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Posterior parietal cortex mediates rarity-induced decision bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1051-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihao","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis C","family":"Tsakiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 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