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Using multiple systematic approaches, including standard deviation analysis and SST mode combinations, we identify a western\u2013eastern type and a central\u2013eastern type, distinguished by their SST anomaly patterns, seasonal evolution, and feedback mechanisms. The western\u2013eastern type reaches its peak later in boreal autumn due to a strong but delayed wind\u2013thermocline\u2013SST feedback, whereas the central\u2013eastern type peaks earlier, governed by a weaker and earlier feedback. Crucially, the positive western\u2013eastern type\u2014more strongly linked to enhanced East African rainfall than the traditional IOD\u2014has intensified in recent decades, heightening the risk of rainfall-related disasters across East Africa. These findings refine the conceptual framework of the IOD and underscore the growing climate hazard posed by its changing characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:48:38Z","timestamp":1787226518000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two distinct types of the Indian Ocean Dipole"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Global Ocean and Climate Research Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"China-Sri Lanka Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunzai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Global Ocean and Climate Research Center, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"China-Sri Lanka Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510301 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092607462824700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-04930-x","article-title":"Three-ocean interactions and climate variability: a review and 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