{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1791219155434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF0805403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0805403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rice paddies are among the largest anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4), yet substantial uncertainties persist in the long-term magnitude and spatiotemporal dynamics of the emissions. Here, we show a spatially explicit global estimate of rice CH4 emissions from 1961 to 2020, leveraging a new high-resolution dataset and two Tier 3 modeling approaches (process-based and machine-learning-based). We find that global emissions have more than tripled over the past six decades, reaching a record high of 38.8 Tg CH4 yr\u22121 in 2020 based on the mean of the two Tier 3 estimates, with both the rate and magnitude substantially higher than those of conventional emission-factor-based inventories. Traditional rice-producing regions (e.g. Asia) dominate the increase due to expanded cultivation and intensified organic inputs, while Africa emerged as a rapidly growing source. Beyond trends in absolute emissions, the CH4 emission intensity (per unit of rice production) declined across 70% of the global paddy area, mainly reflecting yield-driven efficiency gains. Notably, 44% of global rice production in the 2010s occurred in countries with below-average emission intensity, with China being the largest contributor. By resolving long-term spatial heterogeneity with new data and models, this study provides a robust reassessment of the global rice methane budget and highlights pathways to reconcile food production with climate mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwag555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:06:14Z","timestamp":1788015974000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global rice methane emissions tripled over six decades amid declining emission intensity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Data Center of Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems Carbon Cycle, Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai 519000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of 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