{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:36:38Z","timestamp":1780050998156,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA184315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA184315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN-154294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-154294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010523","name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnant women exposed chronically to opioids smoked more cigarettes per day (CPD) and had a higher nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), 3-hydroxycotinine\/cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine metabolism and clearance, than those not receiving opioids. We examined CPD and NMR in a group of pregnant smokers, a quarter of whom were receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnant smokers recruited to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation provided a blood sample for measurement of NMR.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Half (52.4%) of the 124 women with NMR data were African American. OAT-treated women (n = 34, 27.4%; 27 receiving methadone and 7 buprenorphine) were more likely to be white (79% vs. 30%, p &amp;lt; .001) and to have a lower mean PHQ-9 total score (2.91 [SD = 2.83] vs. 4.83 [SD = 3.82], p = .007). OAT-treated women reported smoking more CPD (9.50 [SD = 5.26] vs. 7.20 [SD = 3.65], p = .005) and had higher NMR (0.78 [SD = 0.36] vs. 0.56 [SD = 0.25], p = .001) than the non-OAT-treated group. In a linear regression analysis adjusting for race, depression severity, and CPD, NMR was greater in the OAT group (p = .025), among whom the daily methadone-equivalent dosage correlated with NMR (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.49, p = .003).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consistent with the findings of Oncken et al. (2019), we found that OAT smokers smoked more and had higher NMR than non-OAT smokers. As higher NMR is associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking cessation, the effects on NMR of both pregnancy and OAT could contribute to a lower smoking cessation rate in pregnant smokers receiving chronic opioid therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We replicated the finding that the NMR is significantly greater among pregnant smokers receiving OAT than those not receiving this treatment for opioid use disorder. Furthermore, we found that the dosage of the OAT was significantly associated with the NMR level. These findings may contribute to a poorer response to smoking cessation treatment in pregnant women treated with OAT, particularly those receiving high-dose therapy, and raise the question of whether novel approaches are needed to treat smoking in this subgroup of pregnant smokers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T19:19:26Z","timestamp":1586978366000},"page":"1923-1927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pregnant Smokers Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy Have an Elevated Nicotine Metabolite Ratio: A Replication Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry R","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Washio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Use, Gender and Applied Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah R","family":"Zindel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel F","family":"Tyndale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Oncken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schnoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020100806344829000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0807-5","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking before and during early and late pregnancy according to maternal characteristics: the first national data based on the 2003 birth certificate revision, United States, 2016","volume":"16","author":"Kondracki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020100806344829000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.03.009","article-title":"Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in the U.S","volume":"39","author":"Dietz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"2020100806344829000_CIT0003","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress. 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