{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1790697578338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Council Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["MR\/P027946\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P027946\/1"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Global Health Group"},{"name":"Addressing Smokeless Tobacco and building Research capacity in south Asia","award":["17\/63\/76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/63\/76"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the influence of COVID-19 on smoking patterns in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a longitudinal survey, we asked cigarette smokers in Pakistan about their smoking behaviors before and since COVID-19. Smokers were recruited before COVID-19 using two-stage random probability sampling. Since COVID-19, three subsequent waves were conducted over the telephone, asking additional questions on social determinants, mental health, and well-being. Based on the first two waves, we estimated the proportion of smokers who stopped, decreased, maintained, or increased smoking. We also explored any factors associated with the change in smoking patterns. In those who stopped smoking soon after COVID-19, we estimated the proportion relapsed in subsequent waves. We estimated all proportions based on complete-case analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited 6014 smokers between September 2019 and February 2020; of these, 2087 (2062 reported smoking outcomes) were followed up in May 2020 after COVID-19. Since COVID-19, 14% (290\/2062) smokers reported quitting. Among those who continued smoking: 68% (1210\/1772) reduced, 14% (239\/1772) maintained, and 18% (323\/1772) increased cigarette consumption; 37% (351\/938) reported at least one quit attempt; 41% (669\/1619) were more motivated; while 21% (333\/1619) were less motivated to quit. Changes in smoking patterns varied with nicotine dependence, motivation to quit, and financial stability since COVID-19. Among those reporting quitting soon after COVID-19, 39% (81\/206) relapsed in the subsequent months (June\u2013July 2020).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There have been significant bidirectional changes in smoking patterns since COVID-19 in Pakistan. Although many people stopped, reduced, or tried quitting smoking, some increased smoking and some relapsed after quitting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed significant and complex changes in people\u2019s smoking patterns, which are likely to be attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic and replicated in similar events in the future. Assessing these changes is essential for most low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan, where the vast majority of tobacco users live, but cessation support is still rudimentary. If provided routinely, smoking cessation interventions can potentially support millions of highly motivated individuals in quitting successfully both in general and in global events like COVID-19, in particular.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T19:11:22Z","timestamp":1601665882000},"page":"765-769","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Patterns in Pakistan: Findings From a Longitudinal Survey of Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faraz","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Initiative, Orange Grove Farm, Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ansaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Initiative, Orange Grove Farm, Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Kanaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Khokhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziauddin","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco 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