{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1781704047316,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010523","name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015070","name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-159807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Impaired illness awareness or the inability to recognize that one has a dependence on nicotine may be a major barrier to seeking cessation treatment. To better understand the role of impaired illness awareness on treatment-seeking behavior and clinical outcomes, we developed and examined the psychometric properties of a novel scale measuring illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed the Nicotine Use Awareness and Insight Scale (NAS), a 7-item self-report measure to assess the theoretical construct of illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine (www.illnessawarenessscales.com). Data from participants 18 years of age or older were collected via a web-based survey company, Dynata. Participants with moderate dependence on nicotine were included, defined by a score of four or more on the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) or the FTCD adapted for electronic cigarettes (eFTCD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 100 participants (mean [SD] age = 49.1 [16.1] years, 52% women) that met the inclusion criteria for either FTCD (n = 50) or eFTCD (n = 50) were included. The NAS demonstrated good convergent (r = .74, p &amp;lt; .001) and discriminant validity (r = .03, p = .786). It also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s alpha = 0.78) and one-month test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.86). An exploratory factor analysis yielded the retention of two components.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The NAS is a novel scale to asses illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine. This study provides initial support for the psychometric validity and reliability of NAS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The NAS may be used in research and clinical practice to evaluate the impact of impaired illness awareness on treatment-seeking behavior and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T20:16:31Z","timestamp":1636488991000},"page":"536-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Measure of Illness Awareness in Individuals With Nicotine Dependence\u2014Nicotine Use Awareness and Insight Scale"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0379-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal 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