{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:18:29Z","timestamp":1793384309064,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16BGL183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BGL183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development of Shaanxi Province, China","award":["2019SF-140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SF-140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose was to quantify the health effects of tobacco using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We collected detailed information on tobacco consumption overall as well as its individual aspects (smoking, secondhand smoke, and chewing tobacco) for the deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for all-cause disease, cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and chronic respiratory diseases, and their age-standardized rates (ASRs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco was responsible for 8.71 million deaths and 229.77 million DALYs globally in 2019. The ASRs of all tobacco-related deaths and DALYs declined from 1990 to 2019, to 108.55 deaths per 100 000 population and 2791.04 DALYs per 100 000 population in 2019. During any year the ASRs of all tobacco-related deaths and DALYs were higher in males than in females. The ASRs of all tobacco-related deaths and DALYs were highest in countries with a low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) and lowest in high-SDI countries in 2019. Cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and chronic respiratory diseases were the three leading causes of tobacco-related mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although the ASRs of deaths and DALYs related to tobacco have declined, the absolute number remain high. Tobacco control policies need to be strengthened further in order to reduce the heavy health burden of tobacco.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides a detailed description on the health effects of tobacco, including maps of the current global burden of tobacco-related disease. Although the ASRs of tobacco-related deaths and DALYs have declined, the absolute numbers remain high\u2014tobacco was responsible for 8.71 million deaths and 229.77 million DALYs globally in 2019. The findings may have implications for tobacco control. Countries where progress has been slower in reducing tobacco-related disease burden should study and consider implementing policies and strategies that have been applied in countries like Singapore which show the greatest declines for recent decades.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T20:12:19Z","timestamp":1639685539000},"page":"864-870","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Health Effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: Results From the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hairong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University 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