{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:23:42Z","timestamp":1787775822220,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#GNT1020123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#GNT1020123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco harm reduction has potential to improve individual and population health. However, little research exists on low-intensity interventions, such as encouraging longer-term NRT or e-cigarette use. We aimed to determine whether: (1) encouraging use of nicotine products as long-term tobacco substitutes is more effective for smoking abstinence than standard treatment, and (2) offering e-cigarettes is more effective than NRT.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An open-label, parallel-group randomized trial was conducted in Australia between 2014 and 2015, with 1563 adult daily smokers, randomized to: (A) standard cessation advice and NRT: advice to use NRT short-term, (B) quit or substitute advice and NRT: advice to use NRT as a longer-term substitute for smoking if required to maintain smoking cessation, or (C) Quit or substitute advice and NRT and\/or e-cigarettes. Participants were offered an initial supply of products they could then purchase for up to 7 months. The primary outcome was self-reported continuous smoking abstinence at 7 months. Point prevalence, dual use, and cigarette reduction were secondary outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At 7 months, 2.8% (N = 9) of group A (N = 324) were abstinent, compared with 1.8% (N = 11) in B (N = 620) and 1.3% (N = 8) in C (N = 619) (adjusted odds ratio [ORs]: B vs. A 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27\u22121.63; C vs. A 0.46, 95% CI: 0.17\u22121.21; C vs. B 0.69, 95% CI 0.27\u20131.73). There were no suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions associated with trial products.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A free trial of NRT and first generation e-cigarettes and advice on long-term substitution was no better for smoking abstinence than usual care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The trial was registered with the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration under their Clinical Trials Notification scheme and the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612001210864).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This pragmatic trial allowed the comparison of existing and alternative policy options under semi-realistic conditions, such as product choice and financial cost. All trial arms had low rates of smoking cessation. The findings suggest that providing unflavored cigalike e-cigarettes without additional support may not increase quitting compared with advice to use standard NRT in a general population of Australians who smoke. More intensive support and education, and\/or opportunity to try a range of e-cigarette products, may be required to motivate quit attempts using e-cigarettes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T12:09:17Z","timestamp":1639742957000},"page":"1079-1088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Pragmatic Randomized Comparative Trial of e-Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products for Quitting or Long-Term Substitution in Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylie","family":"Morphett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"},{"name":"The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0059-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Borland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia"},{"name":"Cancer Council Victoria , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, National Institute for Health Innovation, The University of Auckland , Auckland , New 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