{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:19:35Z","timestamp":1788895175378,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"FDA Center for Tobacco Products","award":["K01HL147713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL147713"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009210","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescent vaping remains a problem in the United States, yet little is known about what health warning themes most discourage vaping among adolescents. We sought to identify the most compelling themes for vaping warnings for US adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were a national probability sample of 623 US adolescents aged 13\u201317 years, recruited in the summer of 2020. Adolescents were randomized to one of the five warning message themes about the potential health effects of vaping: 1. chemical harms, 2. lung harms, 3. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) harms, 4. nicotine addiction, or 5. control (messages about vape litter). The primary outcome was perceived message effectiveness (PME; 3-item scale). Secondary outcomes were negative affect (fear), attention, anticipated social interactions, and message novelty.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescents rated the chemical, lung, and COVID-19 harms warning messages higher on PME than nicotine addiction and control (all p &amp;lt; .05), while nicotine addiction was rated higher than control (p &amp;lt; .05). The chemical, lung, and COVID-19 harms warning themes also elicited greater negative affect than nicotine addiction and control (all p &amp;lt; .05). For all other secondary outcomes, the COVID-19 harms warning message theme was rated higher than nicotine addiction and control (all p &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescents perceived warning message themes about lung, chemical and COVID-19 health effects of vaping as more effective than nicotine addiction. To discourage vaping, the FDA and others should communicate to youth about the health effects of vaping beyond nicotine addiction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adolescents rated warning message themes about the lung, chemical, and COVID-19 health effects of vaping as more effective than nicotine addiction, while nicotine addiction was rated as more effective than control themes about vaping litter. To discourage vaping among adolescents, health messaging should expand message themes to communicate about a broader set of health effects of vaping beyond nicotine addiction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]],"date-time":"2022-04-09T21:22:37Z","timestamp":1649539357000},"page":"1379-1385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Identifying Promising Themes for Adolescent Vaping Warnings: A National Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6334-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A","family":"Rohde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth M","family":"Noar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Mendel","family":"Sheldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa G","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"},{"name":"Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Kieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel T","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"39","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0001","first-page":"1387","article-title":"E-cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students \u2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Park-Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11336","article-title":"Characteristics of e-cigarette Use Behaviors Among US Youth, 2020.","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"19","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.007667","article-title":"E-cigarettes: A Scientific Review.","volume":"129","author":"Grana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106402","article-title":"Addiction vs. Dependence: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Young Adult JUUL users.","volume":"107","author":"Dobbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0005","volume-title":"Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes.","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine.","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0006","author":"Office of the Surgeon General.","year":"2018"},{"issue":"106213","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0007","article-title":"Adolescent E-Cigarette Use Trajectories and Subsequent Alcohol and Marijuana Use.","volume":"103","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1488","article-title":"Association Between Initial Use of E-Cigarettes and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"171","author":"Soneji","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022080617001147700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15246","article-title":"Gateway or Common Liability? 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