{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:13:20Z","timestamp":1776280400291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P027946\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P027946\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000848","name":"University of Edinburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied the change in affordability of tobacco products, an important determinant of tobacco use, across the different socio-economic status (SES) in India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We calculated affordability in the form of relative income price (RIP-cost of tobacco products relative to income) for the years 2011\u20132012 and 2018\u20132019 using three different denominators, that is per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and net state domestic product at national and state levels, respectively; monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE); and individual wages. We investigated RIP for cigarettes, bidis, and smokeless tobacco (SLT) across different SES groups (caste groups, type of employment, and education).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>RIP increased marginally for cigarettes, bidis and remained almost constant for SLT across casual workers. However, when RIP was adjusted with SES variables, there was no significant change (p &amp;gt; .05) in the affordability of products for casual workers in the year 2018\u20132019 as compared to 2011\u20132012. For regular workers, cigarettes and bidis became marginally less affordable (\u03b2 &amp;lt; 1), whereas affordability remained constant for SLT. All products became more affordable for backward caste groups within regular workers. When RIP was calculated using MPCE all tobacco products became less affordable in the year 2018\u20132019. However, after adjusting for SES variables SLT reported no change in affordability. There was a marginal increase in affordability for all products when RIP was calculated with GDP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although implementation of GST has increased the price of tobacco products, it is still not sufficient to reduce the affordability of tobacco products, particularly SLT and especially for the lower SES group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco use and economic disadvantage conditions of the population are intricately linked. Affordability of tobacco products is influenced by socio-economic indicators like age, sex, income, education, etc. The literature measuring the affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups is scant in India. Additionally, existing literature measures affordability of tobacco products based on per capita GDP as a proxy for income. This is the first study in Indian context to report the change in affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups after adjusting for SES indicators, using individual-level income data. We have calculated the change in affordability of tobacco products between the year 2011\u20132012 and 2018\u20132019 using GDP, household income, and individual wages as a proxy for income.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T13:25:47Z","timestamp":1664803547000},"page":"709-717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Socio-Economic Status Differences in Changing Affordability of Tobacco Products from 2011\u20132012 to 2018\u20132019 in India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HRIDAY , New Delhi , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7025-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurang 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College of Social Sciences , Kochi, Kerala , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HRIDAY , New Delhi , India"},{"name":"Public Health Foundation of India , Gurugram , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Karan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Foundation of India , Gurugram , India"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Public Health , Delhi , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041113520715500_","author":"Health Promotion."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041113520715500_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305","article-title":"Global economic cost of smoking-attributable 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