{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:17:44Z","timestamp":1784729864069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite its overall decline in the United States, trends in cigarette smoking could vary by intersection with demographic characteristics. We explored trends in education-related disparities in current smoking among U.S. adults by race (Black or African American and White), sex, and U.S. census region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were from U.S. civilian non-institutionalized adults (aged \u226518 years) who self-identified as Black or African American and White and participated in the 1995\u20132019 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. We estimated average annual percent changes in current cigarette smoking by the intersections of race, sex, census region, and educational attainment. We calculated educated-related prevalence differences in current cigarette smoking by subtracting the prevalence of bachelor\u2019s degrees from that of &amp;lt;high school in 1995\u20131996 and 2018\u20132019, then examined their variations by the intersection of sex, race, and region. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to test education*survey year interactions across sexes, races, and regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Education-related disparities in current cigarette smoking increased over time, especially among Black or African American male (PD1995\u20131996 = 22.8%; PD2018\u20132019 = 27.2%) and female adults (PD1995\u20131996 = 12.1%; PD2018\u20132019 = 16.5%). By region, Black or African American male adults in the Midwest showed the largest increase in education-related current cigarette smoking disparities, followed by Black or African American male and female adults in the South, and White male and female adults in the Midwest. These findings were because of small to no declines in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among those with &amp;lt;high school education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gap in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking by education widened over time, especially among Black or African American adults in certain regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the decline in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking in the U.S. population overall, such public health gain may not benefit all individuals equally. Using the data from a U.S. representative serial cross-sectional survey study during 1995\u20132019, we found that disparities in current cigarette smoking prevalence between those with &amp;lt;high school versus bachelor\u2019s degree education widened especially among Black or African American adults. Future research to investigate the barriers to progress among Black or African American adults with &amp;lt;high school education could inform interventions to reduce racial and education-related cigarette smoking disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T09:46:57Z","timestamp":1665740817000},"page":"718-728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Trends in Education-Related Smoking Disparities Among U.S. Black or African American and White Adults: Intersections of Race, Sex, and Region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6753-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamal T","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Beltsville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L","family":"Ruybal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Beltsville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy S","family":"McNeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Management Services, Inc. , Calverton, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle A","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Webb Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities , Bethesda, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023041113533622700_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01210-8","article-title":"The effects of tobacco control policies on global smoking prevalence","volume":"27","author":"Flor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat 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