{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1740128443057,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005227","name":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"California\u2019s Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program","award":["28CP-0039HS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28CP-0039HS"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1B1CMS330883-01-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1B1CMS330883-01-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medicaid Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005002","name":"California Department of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#141537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#141537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Financial incentives have been shown to improve recruitment of low-income smokers into tobacco quitline services and to improve cessation outcomes. The present study evaluated their use to re-engage low-income smokers who had already used a quitline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomly selected Medicaid smokers (N\u2005=\u20055200) who had previously enrolled in a quitline were stratified by time since enrollment (3, 6, 9, or 12 months) and randomly assigned in a 2\u2005\u00d7\u20054 factorial design to receive, by mail or telephone, an invitation to reengage, with an offer of no financial incentive or $10, $20, or $40. The primary outcome measure was re-engagement, defined as use of an additional evidence-based quitline service within 90 days. Data were collected from May 2014 to October 2015 and analyzed in 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 5200 participants invited to reengage in quitline services, 9.3% did so within 90 days, compared to 6.3% of a randomly selected comparison group (n\u2005=\u200522 614, p\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001). Letters resulted in greater re-engagement than calls (10.9% vs. 7.8%, respectively, p\u2005=\u2005.0001). Among letters, there was a dose\u2013response relationship between incentive level and re-engagement rates (p\u2005=\u2005.003). Re-engagement decreased as time since enrollment increased, from 13.7% at 3 months to 5.7% at 12 months (all p\u2019s\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low-income smokers who previously used quitline services can be motivated to reengage in treatment. Mailed letters and automated calls are effective re-engagement strategies. Financial incentives can increase the effectiveness of re-engagement letters. Inviting Medicaid smokers to re-engage with quitline treatment may help to address socioeconomic health disparities and should be standard practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, yet most cessation services are designed to help smokers through only one quit attempt. Smoking is increasingly concentrated in populations with physical and psychological co-morbidities, which can make quitting more difficult and impact whether smokers reach out for additional help following relapse. This study examined whether the timing, method, and content of an offer for further assistance influenced re-engagement rates for a vulnerable population of smokers\u2014Medicaid beneficiaries. Relapsing smokers are responsive to re-engagement offers as early as three months, but there is a closing window of opportunity to reach them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T21:03:48Z","timestamp":1666386228000},"page":"796-802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Re-engagement of Low-Income Smokers in Quitline Services: Effects of Incentives and Method of Contact"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sharon E","family":"Cummins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie A","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiushing","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4149-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA"},{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023041113533216200_","first-page":"180","article-title":"Can incentives improve Medicaid patient engagement and prevent chronic diseases?","volume":"76","author":"Hoerger","year":"2015","journal-title":"N C Med J."},{"year":"2017","author":"Hoerger","key":"2023041113533216200_"},{"key":"2023041113533216200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.08.009","article-title":"California promotes smoking cessation for Medicaid enrollees: lessons for the nation?","volume":"55","author":"Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"2023041113533216200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.07.015","article-title":"Incentives and patches for Medicaid smokers: an RCT.","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"2023041113533216200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.07.007","article-title":"Effects of offering nicotine patches, incentives, or both on quitline demand.","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"volume-title":"Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. 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