{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T15:48:32Z","timestamp":1744300112252,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54-CA229974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54-CA229974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services"},{"name":"United States government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To help offset the increased price of cigarettes and promote brand loyalty, tobacco companies distribute coupons, particularly to price-sensitive consumers. Few studies, however, have examined the longitudinal association between coupon receipt and smoking cessation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using adult data from waves 1\u20135 (2013\u20132019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, we examined the longitudinal association between coupon receipt and short-term smoking cessation. Multivariable discrete-time survival models were fit to an unbalanced person-period dataset for adult respondents (\u226518 years) with current established smoking status at baseline (person n\u2005=\u20059472, risk period n\u2005=\u200529 784). Short-term smoking cessation was measured as discontinued cigarette use (no past 30-day cigarette use at follow-up) and self-reported complete quitting. Coupon receipt was measured as a time-varying exposure, measured in the wave preceding the outcome. Tobacco dependence and time-varying cigarette use intensity were controlled as potential confounders. Effect modification by age, sex, race-ethnicity, and education was assessed by examining interaction terms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that adults who received a coupon were 19% less likely to quit smoking compared to adults who did not receive a coupon, adjusting for covariates (adjusted hazard rate [aHR]: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74\u20130.89). None of the interaction terms were statistically significant, suggesting that the association between coupon receipt and short-term smoking cessation may not differ across the sociodemographic groups that we examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, our results reveal that coupon receipt reduces the likelihood of short-term smoking cessation, and that this association does not differ by age, sex, race-ethnicity, or education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications (97\/100)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tobacco companies distribute coupons for tobacco products to price-sensitive customers in the United States, and these coupons can be particularly effective in partly offsetting the impact of a tax increases and promoting brand loyalty. This study provides longitudinal evidence that coupon receipt is associated with a decrease in short-term smoking cessation among US adults who smoke cigarettes after adjusting for covariates and tobacco-related confounders. The findings from this study suggest that coupons are an effective tool for tobacco companies to prevent adults who smoke from quitting, and a national ban on coupons may help to facilitate smoking cessation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T16:40:41Z","timestamp":1668530441000},"page":"738-745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Longitudinal Association Between Cigarette Coupon Receipt and Short-term Smoking Cessation Among US Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hayoung","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health , 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health , 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leeann","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7863-3906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Liber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program , , 3300 Whitehaven St. NW, Washington, DC , USA"},{"name":"Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , , 3300 Whitehaven St. NW, Washington, DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program , , 3300 Whitehaven St. NW, Washington, DC , USA"},{"name":"Georgetown University-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , , 3300 Whitehaven St. NW, Washington, DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy L","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health , 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039982","article-title":"Effectiveness of tax and price policies in tobacco control","volume":"20","author":"Chaloupka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"year":"2016","author":"The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1407211","article-title":"Smoking and mortality \u2014 beyond established causes","volume":"372","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"NEJM."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054363","article-title":"Receipt of tobacco direct mail\/email discount coupons and trajectories of cigarette smoking behaviours in a nationally representative longitudinal cohort of US adults","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu013","article-title":"Tobacco direct mail marketing and smoking behaviors in a cohort of adolescents and young adults from the u.s. upper midwest: a prospective analysis","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050539","article-title":"Receipt and redemption of cigarette coupons, perceptions of cigarette companies and smoking cessation","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.06.012","article-title":"Undermining government tax policies: common legal strategies employed by the tobacco industry in response to tobacco tax increases","volume":"105","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"volume-title":"Follow the money: a closer look at US tobacco industry marketing expenditures","year":"2021","author":"Levy","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"year":"2021","author":"Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2020 and Smokeless Tobacco Report for 2020.","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052314","article-title":"\u201cGone are the days of mass-media marketing plans and short term customer relationships\u201d: tobacco industry direct mail and database marketing strategies","volume":"25","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117116686887","article-title":"Sources and number of coupons for cigarettes and snus received by a cohort of young adults","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot."},{"year":"2008","author":"National Cancer Institute","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w19310","DOI":"10.3386\/w19310","volume-title":"Do Firms Use Coupons and In-Store Discounts to Strategically Market Experience Goods Over the Consumption Life-Cycle? The Case of Cigarettes.","author":"Sfekas","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105778","article-title":"Receipt of direct tobacco mail\/email coupons and coupon redemption: demographic and socioeconomic disparities among adult smokers in the United States","volume":"126","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ntac037","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac037","article-title":"Tobacco couponing: a systematic review of exposures and effects on tobacco initiation and cessation.","volume":"24","author":"Liber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302123","article-title":"Frequency and characteristics associated with exposure to tobacco direct mail marketing and its prospective effect on smoking behaviors among young adults from the US Midwest","volume":"104","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr300","article-title":"Use of price-minimizing strategies by smokers and their effects on subsequent smoking behaviors.","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"year":"2021","author":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934","article-title":"Design and methods of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study","volume":"26","author":"Hyland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"article-title":"Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study 2013-2016 [United States] restricted-use files user guide.","year":"2016","author":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106882","article-title":"A longitudinal study of menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation among adult smokers in the US: assessing the roles of racial disparities and E-cigarette use","volume":"154","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.09.010","article-title":"Smoking intensity [pack\/day] is a better measure than pack-years or smoking status for modeling cardiovascular disease outcomes","volume":"81","author":"Nance","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108134","article-title":"Predictive validity of the adult tobacco dependence index: findings from waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study","volume":"214","author":"Strong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.010","article-title":"Indicators of dependence for different types of tobacco product users: descriptive findings from Wave 1 (2013\u20132014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study","volume":"178","author":"Strong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041113304193300_","first-page":"223","article-title":"Fay\u2019s method for variance estimation","volume":"6","author":"Judkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Off Stat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.7.1.1","article-title":"Longitudinal uses of the population assessment of tobacco and health study.","volume":"7","author":"Piesse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob Regul Sci"},{"year":"2021","author":"Stata Statistical Software","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105778","article-title":"Receipt of direct tobacco mail\/email coupons and coupon redemption: demographic and socioeconomic disparities among adult smokers in the United States","volume":"126","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"year":"2011","author":"Tobacco Coupon Regulations and Sampling Restrictions.","key":"2023041113304193300_"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041113304193300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354916662211","article-title":"Estimating the impact of raising prices and eliminating discounts on cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Marynak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."}],"container-title":["Nicotine &amp; Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntac258\/49511949\/ntac258.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/738\/49838000\/ntac258.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/25\/4\/738\/49838000\/ntac258.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T20:37:24Z","timestamp":1701376644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/25\/4\/738\/6827988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntac258","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-994X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}