{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:18:55Z","timestamp":1790057935946,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 GM132494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM132494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extant electronic cigarette (ECIG) dependence measures are largely adapted from those designed for cigarette smoking, though few have been evaluated for their psychometric properties.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Never-smoking ECIG users (N = 134) participating in an online survey completed four dependence measures: Penn state electronic cigarette dependence index (PSECDI), e-cigarette dependence scale (EDS-4), diagnostic and statistical manual for tobacco use disorder (DSM-5), and Glover Nilsson behavioral questionnaire (GNBQ). They also reported on their ECIG use characteristics (eg, behaviors and reasons).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Internal consistency was highest for the EDS-4 (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.88) followed by the GNBQ (\u03b1 = 0.75), PSECDI (\u03b1 = 0.72), and DSM (\u03b1 = 0.71). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed a single-factor structure for the PSECDI, EDS-4, and GNBQ. For the DSM-5, however, two items did not load significantly (ECIG use interferes with responsibilities; reduce\/give up activities because of ECIG use). Significant correlations were observed between all measures and the number of ECIG use days\/week and\/or years using ECIGs, as well as between DSM-5 scores and the number of ECIG quit attempts and initiation age. Endorsement of using ECIGs because \u201cI like flavors\u201d was correlated positively with DSM-5 and GNBQ scores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All dependence measures evaluated herein demonstrated adequate reliability and construct validity. Future work should focus on determining which aspects of dependence are those that are unique to ECIG use, and subsequently developing a more comprehensive measure of ECIG dependence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The measures assessed herein\u2014PSECDI, EDS-4, DSM-5, and GNBQ\u2014demonstrated adequate to good reliability and construct validity among a sample of never-smoking ECIG users. The dependence domains covered across measures were related yet distinct. Findings demonstrate the need for future evaluation of these different domains to determine which are the most salient characteristics of ECIG dependence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T09:49:01Z","timestamp":1668505741000},"page":"563-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Dependence Measures for Exclusive Electronic Cigarette Users"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andrea R","family":"Milstred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV 26508 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley E","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV 26508 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn F","family":"Romm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV 26508 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15-16","key":"2023020914045743700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4338-2","article-title":"Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects","volume":"233","author":"Dawkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2023020914045743700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052447","article-title":"Electronic cigarette nicotine delivery can exceed that of combustible cigarettes: a preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Ram\u00f4a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2023020914045743700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053041","article-title":"Have combustible cigarettes met their match? 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