{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:30:28Z","timestamp":1787009428010,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001513","name":"New Zealand Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco companies claim that substantially reducing tobacco retail outlets in Aotearoa New Zealand will increase illicit tobacco trade and crime. However, we know little about whether people who smoke anticipate using illicit tobacco once this measure is implemented. Exploring current illicit tobacco use and expected market development would clarify the likely scale of this potential problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We undertook online in-depth interviews with 24 adults who smoke and explored their experiences of illicit tobacco, perceptions of illicit market growth once legal tobacco became less available, intentions to engage in this market, and potential measures that could curb illicit market development. We interpreted the data using a qualitative descriptive approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few participants had purchased illegally imported or stolen tobacco. While most did not know how to access illicit tobacco products, many expected illicit trade and crime would increase, if legal tobacco became difficult to access. While cheaper tobacco appealed to many, most perceived illicit supply routes as unsafe and saw products obtained via these sources as likely to be of poor quality. Few suggested measures to control illicit markets, though a minority called for social reforms to reduce poverty, which they thought fueled illegal practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although illicit trade may appear to threaten new policy initiatives, participants\u2019 limited knowledge of these markets and concerns regarding product safety suggest illegal tobacco may pose less of a threat than tobacco companies have claimed. Policy makers should not be deterred from reducing tobacco availability by industry arguments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although participants believed illicit trade would increase if the number of tobacco retailers was substantially reduced, few anticipated purchasing illegal tobacco. They viewed supply routes as unsafe and product quality as likely to be low. Industry predictions that illicit tobacco trade will grow if tobacco becomes less available do not reflect how people who smoke expect to engage with these markets and should not deter the introduction of retail reduction measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T17:06:07Z","timestamp":1677603967000},"page":"1348-1354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perceptions of Illicit Tobacco Sources Following a Proposed Reduction in Tobacco Availability: A Qualitative Analysis of New Zealanders Who Smoke"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4362-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Hoek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Graham-DeMello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Dunedin , Dunedin , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5118-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056574","article-title":"From social accessory to societal disapproval: smoking, social norms and 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The case of South Africa","volume":"24","author":"van Walbeek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001629","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001629","article-title":"Representation and misrepresentation of scientific evidence in contemporary tobacco regulation: a review of tobacco industry submissions to the UK Government consultation on standardised packaging","volume":"11","author":"Ulucanlar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050205","article-title":"From cigarette smuggling to illicit tobacco trade","volume":"21","author":"Joossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e2","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051930","article-title":"\u201cIt will harm business and increase illicit trade\u201d: an evaluation of the relevance, quality and transparency of evidence submitted by transnational tobacco companies to the UK consultation on standardised packaging 2012","volume":"24","author":"Evans-Reeves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051240","article-title":"Towards a greater understanding of the illicit tobacco trade in Europe: a review of the PMI funded \u201cProject Star\u201d report","volume":"23","author":"Gilmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e2","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054687","article-title":"\u201cBoth Sides of the Argument?\u201d A critical review of existing evidence on the illicit trade in tobacco products in Canada","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0022","first-page":"e78","article-title":"Illicit tobacco trade is \u201cbooming\u201d: UK newspaper coverage of data funded by transnational tobacco companies","volume":"29","author":"Evans-Reeves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051397","article-title":"Tobacco industry manipulation of data on and press coverage of the illicit tobacco trade in the UK","volume":"23","author":"Rowell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0024","article-title":"Tobacco smugglers get more innovative for NZ\u2019s profitable black market","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"Dominion Post"},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0025","article-title":"Smoking ban: fears Smokefree 2025 legislation could stoke growing black market","author":"Neilson","journal-title":"NZ Herald"},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0026","author":"Nanny state prohibition will create black market","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0027","author":"BAT NZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12389","article-title":"Tobacco tax and the illicit trade in tobacco products in New Zealand","volume":"39","author":"Ajmal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.031278","article-title":"Estimating missed government tax revenue from foreign tobacco: survey of discarded cigarette packs","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1386","key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0030","first-page":"124","article-title":"Missed tobacco tax revenue from \u2018foreign\u2019packs in New Zealand: results from a discarded pack collection study","volume":"126","author":"Marshall","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Z Med J."},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057603","article-title":"Assessing cigarette smuggling at a time of border closure to international tourists: survey of littered packs in New Zealand","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0032","author":"NZ Police"},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0033","author":"Morrah"},{"key":"2023061004444444200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057834","article-title":"How do people who smoke perceive a tobacco retail outlet reduction policy in Aotearoa New Zealand? 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