{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:22:04Z","timestamp":1790695324052,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]],"date-time":"2023-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010941","name":"University of Vermont","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Researchers have become increasingly concerned with the stigmatizing impact that regulations and policies aimed to curve down cigarette smoking may have on smokers. Given the lack of psychometrically validated tools available to assess smoking stigma, we developed and evaluated the Smoker Self-Stigma Questionnaire (SSSQ).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 592 smokers recruited through Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed an online, Qualtrics survey that included 45 items developed and vetted by tobacco-research experts. The items were assigned a priori to three, theoretical stigma factors or domains (enacted, felt, and internalized). We first conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the responses from one-half of the participants with the goal of distilling the 45-item pool to an 18-item instrument with 6 items per factor. A promising, 18-item, three-factor measure was then cross-validated with the second half of the sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The second CFA yielded excellent fit indices, as well as adequate and significant factor loadings. Subscale scores obtained from the separated factors differentially predicted nicotine dependence and motivation to quit cigarettes, providing convergent and discriminant validity for the SSSQ and its proposed, three-factor structure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, the SSSQ fills an important research gap by providing a psychometrically sound measure that investigators can use to study smoking stigma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior research on smoking self-stigma has used a wide variety of psychometrically invalid measures and reported inconsistent findings. This is the first study that presents a measure of smoking self-stigma that is not a merely and arbitrary adaptation of a mental illness stigma measure, but that is theoretically driven and created from a large and comprehensive pool of items vetted by tobacco-research experts. Having demonstrated and then cross-validated its excellent psychometric properties, the SSSQ provides the field with a promising tool to assess, investigate, and replicate the causes and effects of smoking self-stigma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T16:22:21Z","timestamp":1678378941000},"page":"1283-1290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and Validation of the Smoker Self-Stigma Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-5266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Geist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4614-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith B","family":"Burt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Pomichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9101-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cepeda-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lerner College of Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"},{"name":"University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.069617","article-title":"Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption","volume":"96","author":"Alamar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.04.004","article-title":"Tobacco denormalization and industry beliefs among smokers from four countries","volume":"31","author":"Hammond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"RR-16)","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"A report of the Surgeon General. Executive Summary","volume":"49","author":"Reducing Tobacco Use","year":"2000","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx085","article-title":"A proactive smoking cessation intervention for socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers: the role of smoking-related stigma","volume":"20","author":"Hammett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2007.01.002","article-title":"Social attitudes towards smoking in pregnancy in East Surrey: a qualitative study of smokers, former smokers and non-smokers","volume":"13","author":"Bull","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nur."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.11.012","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy, stigma and secrets: visual methods exploration in the UK.","volume":"33","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women Birth."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntn024","article-title":"Who conceals their smoking status from their health care provider?","volume":"11","author":"Stuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198112454284","article-title":"Nondisclosure of smoking status to health care providers among current and former smokers in the United States","volume":"40","author":"Curry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3460","article-title":"Guilt, censure, and concealment of active smoking status among cancer patients and family members after diagnosis: a nationwide study","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychooncology."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316672645","article-title":"An intersectional analysis of women\u2019s experiences of smoking-related stigma","volume":"27","author":"Triandafilidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual Health Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2010.19.4.522","article-title":"Unclean fathers, responsible men: Smoking, stigma and fatherhood","volume":"19","author":"Greaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/15574090903141104","article-title":"Smoking it all away: influences of stress, negative emotions, and stigma on lesbian tobacco use","volume":"4","author":"Gruskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J LGBT Health Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3371","article-title":"Stigma among patients with lung cancer: a patient-reported measurement model","volume":"23","author":"Hamann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychooncology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.896","article-title":"Pollution, peril and poverty: a British study of the stigmatization of smokers.","volume":"16","author":"Farrimond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Community Appl Soc Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2015.33","article-title":"Stigma and outdoor smoking breaks: self-perceptions of outdoor smokers in Manhattan","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Theory Health"},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.024","article-title":"A review of tobacco regulatory science research on vulnerable populations","volume":"128","author":"Higgins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1249825","article-title":"The gendered experience of smoking stigma: implications for tobacco control","volume":"27","author":"Antin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.017","article-title":"Stigma and the ethics of public health: not can we but should we","volume":"67","author":"Bayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.09.026","article-title":"The downside of tobacco control? Smoking and self-stigma: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"Evans-Polce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1303632","article-title":"Conflicts and compromises in not hiring smokers","volume":"368","author":"Asch","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1301951","article-title":"The ethics of not hiring smokers","volume":"368","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/009102609802700301","article-title":"Is smoking stigma clouding the objectivity of employee performance appraisal?","volume":"27","author":"Gilbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Pers Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2012.011084","article-title":"Paying the price for an incentive: an exploratory study of smokers\u2019 reasons for failing to complete an incentive based smoking cessation scheme","volume":"17","author":"Allan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts136","article-title":"Crossing the smoking divide for young adults: expressions of stigma and identity among smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"15","author":"McCool","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14485\/HBPR.3.1.2","article-title":"Exploring smoking stigma, alternative tobacco product use, and quit attempts","volume":"3","author":"Brown-Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Behav Policy Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1326999","article-title":"Internalized smoking stigma in relation to quit intentions, quit attempts, and current e-cigarette use","volume":"38","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abus."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1086\/650349","article-title":"Stigma and smoking:. the consequences of our good intentions","volume":"83","author":"Stuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Serv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.071886","volume":"96","author":"Bayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.010","article-title":"Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status","volume":"67","author":"Stuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2307\/2095613","article-title":"A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: an empirical assessment","volume":"54","author":"Link","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12215","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the internalized stigma of smoking inventory: an exploration of shame, isolation, and discrimination in smokers with mental health diagnoses.","volume":"24","author":"Brown-Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2003.08.008","article-title":"Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure.","volume":"121","author":"Ritsher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","article-title":"Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer","volume":"6","author":"Boateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2012.746147","article-title":"Stigma: advances in theory and research","volume":"35","author":"Bos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017439","article-title":"The autonomy over smoking scale","volume":"23","author":"DiFranza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.036","article-title":"Item response theory analysis of the autonomy over tobacco scale (AUTOS)","volume":"45","author":"Wellman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.3.310","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for smoking cessation.","volume":"58","author":"Curry","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population.","volume":"60","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.310","article-title":"Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative","volume":"19","author":"Kessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Method Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193","article-title":"The PhenX toolkit: get the most from your measures","volume":"174","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053168015604648","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168015604648","article-title":"\u201cWho are these people?\u201d Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents.","volume":"2","author":"Huff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Politics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093623","article-title":"(2016). Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples.","volume":"12","author":"Chandler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clinic Psycho."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2020.6","article-title":"The shape of and solutions to the MTurk quality crisis","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Political Sci Res Methods."},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413495237","article-title":"Sample size requirements for structural equation models: an evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety","volume":"73","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.14.3.219","article-title":"Smoking consequences questionnaire--Spanish","volume":"14","author":"Cepeda-Benito","year":"200","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Software."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0047","volume-title":"R: A","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.859510","article-title":"Relative performance of categorical diagonally weighted least squares and robust maximum likelihood estimation","volume":"21","author":"Bandalos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80009-X","article-title":"The development and validation of the state and trait food-cravings questionnaires","volume":"31","author":"Cepeda-Benito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"issue":"55","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Old and new ideas for data screening and assumption testing for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"3","author":"Flora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","article-title":"Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development.","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0053","volume-title":"LISREL 8\u202f: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language","author":"Jo\u0308reskog","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.;","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.391","article-title":"Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: the effect of sample size","volume":"103","author":"Marsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models.","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1997.2194","article-title":"The investigation of personality structure: statistical models","volume":"31","author":"Finch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0058","article-title":"Evaluating model fit.","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. 1995:76\u201399","author":"Hu"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach.","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health","volume":"17","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","article-title":"The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","volume":"17","author":"Stangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000220","article-title":"Predictors of personal, perceived and self-stigma towards anxiety and depression","volume":"25","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci."},{"key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900204","article-title":"Mental health services and personal recovery in California: A population-based analysis","volume":"71","author":"Mcbain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat Serv,"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061004442476400_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2014.889814","article-title":"Developing questionnaires for educational research: AMEE Guide No. 87","volume":"36","author":"Artino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Teach."}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntad038\/49716535\/ntad038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/25\/7\/1283\/50565184\/ntad038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/25\/7\/1283\/50565184\/ntad038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T04:45:04Z","timestamp":1686372304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/25\/7\/1283\/7076182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntad038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,11]]}}}