{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:34:28Z","timestamp":1787960068342,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peer support has been recommended to promote smoking cessation, but results from prior meta-analyses have not established its efficacy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess current evidence and identify potential modifiers of efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials of peer-support interventions with a smoking cessation outcome were identified in January 2022 from PubMed and references listed in identified studies. The meta-analysis outcome measure was mean risk ratio (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) for abstinence at the longest follow-up timepoint between 3 and 9 months from baseline. Potential modifiers tested were peer smoking status (former, current, or unknown), follow-up timepoint, abstinence measure, and cumulative engagement time between peers and smokers (\u201cdose\u201d). Studies were assessed for risk of bias and certainty of evidence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 16 trials, which varied in abstinence effect size (RR 0.61\u20133.07), sample size (23\u20132121), dose (41\u2013207 minutes), and follow-up timepoint (&amp;lt;1\u201315 months). Across 15 trials with follow-up between 3 and 9 months (N = 8573 participants; 4565 intervention, 4008 control), the pooled Mantel-Haenszel RR was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.11\u20131.62). Effect sizes were greatest among interventions with formerly smoking peers (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.74; five trials). We found positive effects for follow-up timepoints \u22653 months but no effect of intervention dose. The overall quality of evidence was deemed \u201cvery low.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peer-support interventions increased smoking abstinence. There remains a lack of consensus about how to define a peer. Intervention features such as peer smoking status appear to have explanatory power. Additional high-quality and more comparable trials are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study reviewed the latest evidence from randomized controlled trials and found that peer-support interventions enhance smoking cessation. Efficacy varies with key intervention features such as peer smoking status and follow-up timepoint, which may be used to facilitate development of more effective peer-support interventions. Future trials and reviews would benefit from careful consideration and clear reporting of peer smoking status, length of follow-up, abstinence measures, and intervention dose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T08:15:49Z","timestamp":1681287349000},"page":"1515-1524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Effectiveness of Peer-Support Interventions for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Clinical Trials Office, Stanford University , Palo Alto, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Lee","family":"Westmaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Science, American Cancer Society , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD , USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins , Baltimore, MD , USA"},{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Toussaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan F","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3388-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin S","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA"},{"name":"Philip R. 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