{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:54:42Z","timestamp":1788432882241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Almost half of the world\u2019s children experience passive smoking, which is linked to numerous oral health conditions. The aim is to synthesize data on the impact of passive smoking on oral health of infants, preschoolers, and children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A search was conducted across Medline (via EBSCOhost), PubMed, and Scopus up to February 2023. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The initial search produced 1221 records and after removal of duplicates, screening by title and abstract, and full-text assessment, 25 studies were eligible for review and data extraction. The majority of studies (94.4%) found a correlation between passive smoking and increased prevalence of dental caries with three studies suggesting a dose\u2013response relationship. Prenatal passive smoking exposure in 81.8% of studies indicated an increased dental caries experience compared to postnatal exposure. Low parental education, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, oral hygiene, and gender affected the level of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and dental caries risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results of this systematic review strongly suggest a significant association between dental caries in the deciduous dentition and passive smoking. Early intervention and education on the effects of passive smoking on infants and children will allow for the improvement in oral health outcomes and reduction in smoking-associated systemic conditions. The results justify all health professionals paying more attention to passive smoking when conducting pediatric patient histories, contributing to improved diagnosis and appropriate treatment planning with more suitable follow-up schedules.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evidence from this review that environmental tobacco smoke and passive smoking is a risk factor for oral health conditions, both prenatally and postnatally during early childhood, justifies all health professionals paying more attention to passive smoking when conducting pediatric patient histories. Early intervention and appropriate parental education regarding the effects of secondhand smoke on infants and children will allow for the minimization of dental caries, improvement in oral health outcomes and overall reduction in smoking-associated systemic conditions for the children exposed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T09:48:32Z","timestamp":1686390512000},"page":"1625-1632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Passive Smoking and Oral Health of Infants, Preschoolers, and Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Thusheka","family":"Uthayakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine Xanthe","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazel Leah","family":"Cartas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim Loan","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7247-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0002","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010096","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"DiGiacomo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673449","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.673449","article-title":"Correlation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2017.25.6.366","article-title":"Evaluation of infants\u2019 exposure to environmental tobacco smoke using salivary cotinine measurements","volume":"25","author":"Kubo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Midwifery."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023082310050129700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202497","article-title":"Association between passive tobacco exposure and caries in children and adolescents. 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