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Chronic smoking is associated with structural changes in brain regions implicated in the maintenance of smoking behavior; however, associations between brain morphometry and the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior remain unexamined. The present study investigated the potential association between smoking dependence motives and regional brain volumes in a cohort of 254 adult smokers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The WISDM-68 was administered to participants at the baseline session. Structural magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 254 adult smokers (Mage = 42.7 \u00b1 11.4) with moderate to severe nicotine dependence (MFTND = 5.4 \u00b1 2.0) smoking for at least 2 years (Myears = 24.3 \u00b1 11.8) were collected and analyzed with Freesurfer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vertex-wise cluster analysis revealed that high scores on the WISDM-68 composite, secondary dependence motives (SDM) composite, and multiple SDM subscales were associated with lower cortical volume in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (cluster-wise p\u2019s &amp;lt; .035). Analysis of subcortical volumes (ie, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, and pallidum) revealed several significant associations with WISDM-68 subscales, dependence severity (Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence), and overall exposure (pack-years). No significant associations between cortical volume and other nicotine dependence measures or pack-years were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that smoking motives may play a larger role in cortical abnormalities than addiction severity and smoking exposure per se, whereas subcortical volumes are associated with smoking motives, addiction severity, and smoking exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study reports novel associations between the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior assessed by the WISDM-68 and regional brain volumes. Results suggest that the underlying emotional, cognitive, and sensory processes that drive non-compulsive smoking behaviors may play a larger role in gray matter abnormalities of smokers than smoking exposure or addiction severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T12:44:14Z","timestamp":1687265054000},"page":"1882-1890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations Between the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives and Regional Brain Volumes in Adult Smokers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alexander A","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Systems Core Facility, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , 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