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However, its immediate, short-, and long-term effects have rarely been reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immediate, short-, medium-, and long-term smoking cessation rates in ACT and comparators at less than 3-month, 3 to 4-month, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in eight databases until April 20, 2023. We assessed the quality of RCTs and the certainty of evidence of outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen RCTs involving 7885 smokers across six countries were included. The majority (72.81%) of RCTs were graded as low risk across six domains. For complete-case outcomes, meta-analyses were conducted, and the results revealed a significant effect in favor of ACT [risk ratio: 1.70\u20131.80 at &amp;lt;3-month, 3 to 4-month, and 6 months follow-up] compared with comparators. For outcomes using missing data management, meta-analyses found an overall effect in favor of ACT, but a significant effect was found at 3 to 4-months only. However, 12-month follow-ups revealed no significant reduction in smoking cessation for both outcomes. Moderate and substantial heterogeneities were found among four meta-analyses that may lead to inaccurate estimates of effects. The certainty of evidence of all outcomes was rated as low and very low.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ACT may be an effective intervention for smoking cessation with immediate, short-term, and medium-term effects. Caution must be applied in the interpretation of the results due to the limited trials and low certainty of evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implication<\/jats:title><jats:p>ACT can be implemented adjuvant to the usual treatment for smoking cessation. Additional RCTs with follow-up data using biochemically verified measures in non-US countries are warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T16:05:04Z","timestamp":1692029104000},"page":"12-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immediate, Short-term, Medium-term, and Long-term effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Kai","family":"Kwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 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