{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:04:28Z","timestamp":1790845468937,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Canada\u2019s Substance Use and Addictions Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014660","name":"UK Society for the Study of Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study sought to examine trends in indicators of dependence for youth vaping and smoking during a period of rapid evolution in the e-cigarette market.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data are from repeat cross-sectional online surveys conducted between 2017 and 2022 among youth aged 16\u201319 in Canada, England, and the United States (US). Participants were 23 145 respondents who vaped and\/or smoked in the past 30 days. Four dependence indicators were assessed for smoking and vaping (perceived addiction, frequent strong urges, time to first use after waking, days used in past month) and two for vaping only (use events per day, e-cigarette dependence scale). Regression models examined differences by survey wave and country, adjusting for sex, age, race, and exclusive\/dual use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All six indicators of dependence increased between 2017 and 2022 among youth who vaped in the past 30 days (p\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001 for all). For example, more youth reported strong urges to vape at least most days in 2022 than in 2017 (Canada: 26.5% to 53.4%; England: 25.5% to 45.4%; US: 31.6% to 50.3%). In 2017, indicators of vaping dependence were substantially lower than for smoking; however, by 2022, youth vaping was associated with a greater number of days used in the past month (Canada, US), shorter time to first use (all countries), and a higher likelihood of frequent strong urges (Canada, US) compared to youth smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2017 to 2022, indicators of vaping dependence increased substantially. By 2022, vaping dependence indices were comparable to those of smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indicators of vaping dependence among youth have increased substantially since 2017 to levels that are comparable to cigarette dependence among youth who smoke. Future research should examine factors underlying the increase in dependence among youth who vape, including changes to the nicotine profile and design of e-cigarette products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T22:53:15Z","timestamp":1711493595000},"page":"1192-1200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparison of Indicators of Dependence for Vaping and Smoking: Trends Between 2017 and 2022 Among Youth in Canada, England, and the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2542-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makenna N","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki L","family":"Rynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A","family":"East","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-3068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej L","family":"Goniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , Buffalo, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E","family":"Piper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"e1","key":"2024082205514219900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-056367","article-title":"Nicotine delivery and cigarette equivalents from vaping a JUULpod","volume":"31","author":"Prochaska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2024082205514219900_CIT0002"},{"key":"2024082205514219900_CIT0003","volume-title":"Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes [Internet]","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082205514219900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000140","article-title":"Electronic cigarette user plasma nicotine concentration, puff topography, heart rate, and subjective effects: influence of liquid nicotine concentration and user experience","volume":"25","author":"Hiler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2024082205514219900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053041","article-title":"Have combustible cigarettes met their match? 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