{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:01:11Z","timestamp":1740128471330,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011347","name":"University of Nevada, Reno","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Article 11 of the World Health Organization\u2019s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) requires Parties to adopt and implement effective tobacco packaging and labeling policies to communicate health risks and reduce tobacco consumption.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of this study was to assess adoption of these policies in the WHO African Region (AFRO). We reviewed tobacco packaging and labeling policies adopted in AFRO from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids\u2019 Tobacco Control Laws database (www.tobaccocontrollaws.org). We assessed these policies based on WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines examining three subpolicy areas (health warning labels [HWLs], descriptive constituents and emissions information, and misleading packaging and labeling). We developed a scoring system to rank AFRO countries individually and by the World Bank\u2019s income-level groups, and documented the progress during 1985\u20132023.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forty (of 47) AFRO countries adopted national laws, of which a majority adopted large rotating pictorial HWLs and banned misleading descriptors; only Cote d\u2019Ivoire and Mauritius adopted standardized packaging. The higher a country is in the World Bank\u2019s income-level group, the stronger their packaging and labeling policies. This observation was not present in the HWLs subpolicy area. Prior to approving the WHO FCTC Article 11 Implementation Guidelines, only 23 countries adopted text-only HWLs, whereas 26 countries adopted pictorial HWLs after the approval.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several AFRO countries have adopted tobacco packaging and labeling policies that align with the WHO FCTC Article 11 Implementation Guidelines. More efforts could be directed toward the low-income group and disseminating standardized packaging throughout AFRO.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the AFRO, the number of tobacco users is increasing, highlighting the need for tobacco packaging and labeling policies aligned with WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines as these are proven tobacco control strategies. This study provides a country- and income-level group ranking of tobacco packaging and labeling policies, and documents the evolution of HWLs adopted in AFRO. It also identifies regional and income-level group successes and gaps in tobacco product packaging and labeling policies and provides recommendations to further align with WHO FCTC Article 11 and its Implementation Guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T23:08:45Z","timestamp":1713654525000},"page":"1347-1354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tobacco Packaging and Labeling Policies in the WHO African Region: Progress 15 Years After Adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 11 Implementation Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8240-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto M","family":"Sebri\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids , Washington, DC , 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Washington, DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1292-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique E","family":"Muggli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids , Washington, DC , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno , Reno, NV , USA"},{"name":"Ozmen Institute for Global Studies, University of Nevada, Reno , Reno, NV , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"year":"2021","author":"WHO","key":"2024092305550950300_CIT0001"},{"year":"2023","key":"2024092305550950300_CIT0002"},{"year":"2021","key":"2024092305550950300_CIT0003"},{"year":"2017","author":"Boseley","key":"2024092305550950300_CIT0004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024092305550950300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000357","article-title":"Association of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) exposure and cigarette use among Nigerian adolescents: implications for current practices, products and policies","volume":"2","author":"Chido-Amajuoyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Global 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