{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:43:26Z","timestamp":1780595006221,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRCRPG-Nov21\\100002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increasingly, people smoke cigarettes outdoors and avoid exposing bystanders to harm. People may not have the same motivation to vape outdoors since e-cigarettes, unlike cigarettes, do not create side stream emissions and exhaled aerosol contains fewer toxicants than secondhand smoke. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and correlates of vaping and smoking indoors among adults in England.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data came from the Health Survey for England 2019, a cross-sectional household survey. Adults who vape or smoke (N\u2005=\u20051530) were asked whether they had vaped or smoked indoors inside the home, car, or other places within the past 7 days. Logistic regression was used to estimate prevalence and key correlates of indoor use, including age, sex, presence of adults\/children in home, housing tenure, and nicotine dependence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People who exclusively vaped were much more likely to use their product indoors than those who exclusively smoked (87.0% vs. 52.0%; odds ratio [OR]\u2005=\u20056.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2005=\u20054.09 to 9.28). Similarly, people who dual used had higher odds of vaping than smoking indoors (62.1% vs. 44.3%; OR\u2005=\u20053.76, 95% CI\u2005=\u20052.06 to 6.84). The preference for vaping over smoking indoors was found across different locations, including at home and in cars. Those who were older, highly dependent on nicotine, and lived alone were most prone to use any product indoors. While housing tenure was not strongly associated with vaping indoors, those living in social housing were much more likely to smoke indoors than homeowners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adults in England are much more likely to vape than smoke indoors. Age, nicotine dependence, and living alone are strongly associated with both behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results show that people have a strong preference for vaping over smoking indoors, including in the home. Given the high prevalence of vaping indoors, policy makers, landlords, and businesses must weigh up the ethics, benefits, and harms of extending smoke-free laws to include e-cigarettes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T19:45:54Z","timestamp":1713383154000},"page":"1404-1411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Are People More Likely to Vape or Smoke Indoors? A Population Survey of Adults in England"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Tattan-Birch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5658-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lion","family":"Shahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London , London , UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0001","volume-title":"Evaluating Exposure to Secondhand Smoke","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.010","article-title":"National and state prevalence of smoke-free rules in homes with and without children and smokers: two decades of progress","volume":"82","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054599","article-title":"Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke","volume":"28","author":"Semple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050152","article-title":"Cigarette butts near building entrances: what is the impact of smoke-free college campus policies","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100315","article-title":"Children\u2019s exposure to second-hand smoke 10 years on from smoke-free legislation in England: cotinine data from the Health Survey for England 1998\u20132018","volume":"15","author":"Tattan-Birch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006914","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking restrictions and child exposure to secondhand smoke in cars and homes: a repeated cross-sectional survey of children aged 10\u201311 years in Wales","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213998","article-title":"Impact of banning smoking in cars with children on exposure to second-hand smoke: a natural experiment in England and Scotland","volume":"75","author":"Laverty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0008","first-page":"100215","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke in vehicles among Canadian adolescents: years after the adoption of smoke-free car laws","volume":"10","author":"Azagba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200601083442","article-title":"Secondhand smoke in apartment buildings: renter and owner or manager perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Hewett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1107","article-title":"Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users","volume":"166","author":"Shahab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859","article-title":"Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes","volume":"23","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031462","article-title":"Changes in biomarkers of tobacco exposure among cigarette smokers transitioning to ENDS use: the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013\u20132015","volume":"19","author":"Anic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185937","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937","article-title":"Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes","volume":"1","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13183","article-title":"Nicotine delivery, retention and pharmacokinetics from various electronic cigarettes","volume":"111","author":"St Helen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt203","article-title":"Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes","volume":"16","author":"Czogala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x","article-title":"Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping","volume":"23","author":"Schripp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.04.003","article-title":"An approach to allergy risk assessments for e-liquid ingredients","volume":"87","author":"Costigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053359","article-title":"Should e-cigarette use be permitted in smoke-free public places? No","volume":"26","author":"Chapman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1195-3","article-title":"Are smokers who are regularly exposed to e-cigarette use by others more or less motivated to stop or to make a quit attempt? A cross-sectional and longitudinal survey","volume":"16","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051563","article-title":"Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers","volume":"24","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0021","volume-title":"Will You Permit or Prohibit Electronic Cigarette Use on Your Premises?","author":"Action on Smoking and Health","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0237-7","article-title":"The unique contribution of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction in supporting smoking relapse prevention","volume":"15","author":"Notley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054432","article-title":"E-cigarette users commonly stealth vape in places where e-cigarette use is prohibited","volume":"28","author":"Yingst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A70","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.119-a70","article-title":"Does the smoke ever really clear? Thirdhand smoke exposure raises new concerns","volume":"119","author":"Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0025","volume-title":"Smokefree Policies in Multi-Unit Housing","author":"American Lung Association","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.186536","article-title":"Should e-cigarette use be included in indoor smoking bans","volume":"95","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200332","article-title":"Regulation of electronic cigarette use in public and private areas in 48 countries within the WHO European Region: a survey to in-country informants","volume":"32","author":"Amalia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii42","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.012492","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of smoke-free homes: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey","volume":"15","author":"Borland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0029","volume-title":"Smoking and Social Housing","author":"Action on Smoking and Health","year":"2022"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0030","first-page":"S555","article-title":"Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependence","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470580066","volume-title":"Complex Surveys: A Guide to Analysis Using R","author":"Lumley","year":"2010","edition":"1"},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0032","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"issue":"107127","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107127","article-title":"To curb research misreporting, replace significance and confidence by compatibility: a Preventive Medicine Golden Jubilee article","volume":"164","author":"Greenland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823029dd","article-title":"Splines for trend analysis and continuous confounder control","volume":"22","author":"Howe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7_2","article-title":"General aspects of fitting regression models","volume-title":"Regression Modeling","author":"Harrell","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14579","article-title":"Rules about smoking and vaping in the home: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey","volume":"114","author":"Nahhas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"18","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189719","article-title":"Home tobacco use policies and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke: findings from waves 1 through 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study","volume":"18","author":"Rivard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1856-4","article-title":"Views on and experiences of electronic cigarettes: a qualitative study of women who are pregnant or have recently given birth","volume":"18","author":"Bowker","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03226.x","article-title":"Strength of urges to smoke as a measure of severity of cigarette dependence: comparison with the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for nicotine dependence and its components","volume":"106","author":"Fidler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"9","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12962","article-title":"Recent trends in children\u2019s exposure to second-hand smoke in England: cotinine evidence from the Health Survey for England","volume":"110","author":"Jarvis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"11","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab119","article-title":"Smokers\u2019 use of e-cigarettes in situations where smoking is not permitted in England: quarterly trends 2011\u20132020 and associations with sociodemographic and smoking characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056556","article-title":"Smoke-free spaces: a decade of progress, a need for more","volume":"31","author":"Semple","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16389","article-title":"Should smoke-free areas be made vape-free","volume":"119","author":"Tattan-Birch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"12","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt101","article-title":"Just blowing smoke? Social desirability and reporting of intentions to quit smoking","volume":"15","author":"Persoskie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.38.4.335","article-title":"Biochemical markers of smoke absorption and self reported exposure to passive smoking","volume":"38","author":"Jarvis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac088","article-title":"Exposure to negative news stories about vaping, and harm perceptions of vaping, among youth in England, Canada, and the United States","volume":"24","author":"East","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092305551433500_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0582","article-title":"Trends in harm perceptions of e-cigarettes vs cigarettes among adults who smoke in England, 2014\u20132023","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae094\/57404784\/ntae094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/1404\/59124175\/ntae094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/1404\/59124175\/ntae094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T05:55:38Z","timestamp":1727070938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/26\/10\/1404\/7651139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]}}}