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An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug cues on biasing behavior toward drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (eg, pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerstr\u00f6m score).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a 1-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (nondrug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug \u201cwanting\u201d rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most of the current measures of TUD rely on self-reports of consumption, dependence, and craving, and do not take into consideration the role of drug-related cues in driving tobacco seeking. This study shows that the PIC task provides an objective, reliable proxy measure of tobacco image-seeking behavior in people who smoke cigarettes that is linked to craving (desire) for smoking but not to other measures of TUD. Therefore, the PIC task may be a useful complementary tool for the classification, diagnosis, and prognosis of TUD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T15:40:09Z","timestamp":1717774809000},"page":"1636-1645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tobacco Images Choice and its Association With Craving and Dependence in People Who Smoke Cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0664-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Solinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, INSERM U-1084 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Exp\u00e9rimentales et Cliniques, , Poitiers ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, , Poitiers 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Neurosciences Exp\u00e9rimentales et Cliniques, , Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lila","family":"Barillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, , Poitiers ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CeRCA, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, CNRS 7295, Universit\u00e9 de Tours , Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, , Stony Brook, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1680-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Z","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 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