{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T09:01:18Z","timestamp":1740128478053,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P01 CA217806","R01 CA179246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 CA217806","R01 CA179246"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K01MD014795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MD014795"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA77598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA77598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cigarettes with higher levels of filter ventilation (FV) are misperceived as less harmful and may be more appealing to consumers. Setting limits on FV has been considered as a policy, but a better understanding of any potential unintended consequences is needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>FV (0.2%\u201361.1%) measured for 114 subbrands was merged with Wave 1 (2012\u20132013) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH) data, restricted to adults 25+ years of age who smoked daily, and examined by quartiles. Inverse probability of exposure weights were used to estimate the causal effect of FV on past 30-day smoking at subsequent waves while accounting for potential confounders including demographics, menthol, heaviness of smoking, and past quit attempts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to those in the first (lowest) quartile of FV, those in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had 1.02 (95% confidence interval = 0.57, 1.82), 0.86 (0.42, 1.73), and 1.52 (0.90, 2.56) times the odds of no past 30-day smoking at Wave 2 (approximately 1 year later, p\u2005=\u2005.163), and 1.28 (0.80, 2.07), 1.11 (0.67, 1.83), and 1.65 (1.01, 1.24) times the odds of no past 30-day smoking at Wave 4 (3 years later, p\u2005=\u2005.238).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This observational study found no strong evidence of a causal effect of FV on past 30-day smoking at approximately 1 and 3 years follow-up. However, our effect size estimates were not precise and thus an increase in the ability to quit smoking due to higher FV levels cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Setting a maximum limit on FV in cigarettes could address the misperception that highly ventilated cigarettes are less harmful and the link between FV and lung adenocarcinoma. It is important to understand whether such a policy would have unintended consequences on longer-term smoking behavior. We found no strong evidence that FV affects past 30-day smoking 1\u20133 years later, but could not rule out the possibility that higher FV increases cessation rates. If future studies confirm these epidemiologic findings, this could mean that setting a limit on FV would not lead to reductions in the ability to quit smoking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1722691200000},"page":"192-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimating the Causal Effect of Filter Ventilation Levels in Cigarettes on Past 30-Day Smoking"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne A","family":"Eaton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics & Health Data Science, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1108-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy K","family":"Hatsukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Stepanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4334-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Mowls","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control","year":"2003","author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0001"},{"volume-title":"Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine","author":"National Cancer Institute","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0002"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-1014","article-title":"Reconciling human smoking behavior and machine smoking patterns: implications for understanding smoking behavior and the impact on laboratory studies","volume":"18","author":"Marian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i40","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.suppl_1.i40","article-title":"Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents","volume":"11","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2006.09.001","article-title":"Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany","volume":"47","author":"Scherer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.09.008","article-title":"Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature with meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Scherer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7 Part 1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0007","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Variations in amounts of tobacco tar retrieved from selected models of smoking behavior simulated by smoking machine","volume":"23","author":"Graham","year":"1963","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0498","article-title":"Smoking topography, brand switching, and nicotine delivery: results from an in vivo study","volume":"14","author":"Hammond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.78.6.694","article-title":"Prevalence of the misuse of ultra-low-tar cigarettes by blocking filter vents","volume":"78","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"4464","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7433979","article-title":"Have tar and nicotine yields of cigarettes changed","volume":"209","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djx075","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx075","article-title":"Cigarette filter ventilation and its relationship to increasing rates of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"109","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"volume-title":"The health consequences of smoking\u201450 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general","year":"2014","author":"General","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0012"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S311","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220412331320716","article-title":"Use of and beliefs about light cigarettes in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey","volume":"6","author":"Borland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"volume-title":"Report of the Meeting to Review the Latest Scientific Evidence on the Impact of Cigarette Ventilation on Cigarette Use, 18\u201319 November 2019","year":"2022","author":"World Health Organization","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934","article-title":"Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study","volume":"26","author":"Hyland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0852","article-title":"Impact of cigarette filter ventilation on US smokers\u2019 perceptions and biomarkers of exposure and potential harm","volume":"30","author":"Carroll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0017","first-page":"223","article-title":"Fay\u2019s method for variance estimation","volume":"6","author":"Judkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"25","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","article-title":"Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples","volume":"28","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1986.10475403","article-title":"Standard distance in univariate and multivariate analysis","volume":"40","author":"Flury","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Stat."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","article-title":"An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies","volume":"46","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00321-8","article-title":"Validating recommendations for coronary angiography following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: a matched analysis using propensity scores","volume":"54","author":"Normand","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7615","article-title":"Assessing the performance of the generalized propensity score for estimating the effect of quantitative or continuous exposures on binary outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Austin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057571","article-title":"Switching to cigarette brand variants with different filter ventilation levels: a descriptive analysis","volume":"33","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056833","article-title":"Risk perceptions and continued smoking as a function of cigarette filter ventilation level among US youth and young adults who smoke","volume":"32","author":"Carroll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12090","article-title":"Generalizing observational study results: applying propensity score methods to complex surveys","volume":"49","author":"DuGoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.6339\/JDS.2006.04(1).233","article-title":"comparison of propensity score and linear regression analysis of complex survey data","volume":"4","author":"Zanutto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Data Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2014-0039","article-title":"Propensity score analysis with survey weighted data","volume":"3","author":"Ridgeway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Causal Inference"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012205513324900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X20938497","article-title":"Using propensity score analysis of survey data to estimate population average treatment effects: a case study comparing different methods","volume":"44","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eval Rev."}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae191\/59095058\/ntae191.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/192\/59095058\/ntae191.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/192\/59095058\/ntae191.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1737525120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/2\/192\/7726784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-994X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]}}}