{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:32:58Z","timestamp":1754152378233,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The economic situation is recognized as a significant factor influencing tobacco consumption. Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, unemployment, and tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This investigation employs data from 1985 to 2019 to elucidate the relationship between economic growth, unemployment, and tobacco consumption in a select group of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Employing Pedroni and Johansen\u2013Fisher panel co-integration tests, we assess the co-integrating relationships. Furthermore, FMOLS and DOLS techniques are applied, complemented by the Dumitrescu\u2013Hurlin panel causality test.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>FMOLS and DOLS results suggest that a 1% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) leads to a 6.46% and 7.29% rise in tobacco consumption, respectively, while GDP squared results in a 0.39% and 0.43% decrease. However, both tests failed to establish a significant relationship between tobacco consumption and unemployment. Co-integration was confirmed by Johansen\u2013Fisher and Pedroni tests. Dumitrescu\u2013Hurlin causality tests revealed the direction of Granger causality from economic growth to tobacco consumption, but not with unemployment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco consumption declined across all countries studied. Economic growth shows a positive association, while GDP squared has a negative association, indicating an inverted U-shaped relationship. No significant relationship was found with unemployment in the employed tests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In addition to the measures implemented by countries to reduce tobacco consumption, economic factors also exert a significant relation with smoking behavior. The available results suggest that economic growth is initially associated with an increase in tobacco consumption but the reduction in later stages indicating a long-term inverse relationship between economic growth and tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T12:18:45Z","timestamp":1729772325000},"page":"1376-1384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Effects of Economic Growth and Unemployment on Tobacco Use: A Panel Data Approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9642-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus","family":"Sava\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Bitlis Eren University , Bitlis,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veysel","family":"Erat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bitlis Eren University , Bitlis,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Alma Sava\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Bitlis Eren University , Bitlis,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15844-z","article-title":"Tobacco impact on quality of life: a cross-sectional study of smokers, snuff-users, and non-users of tobacco","volume":"23","author":"Wachsmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-016-0109-4","article-title":"The effect of policies regulating tobacco consumption on smoking initiation and cessation in Spain: Is it equal across socioeconomic groups","volume":"15","author":"Pinilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.08.008","article-title":"Tobacco consumption patterns and its health implications in India","volume":"71","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/0003684042000337415","article-title":"Tobacco policy and tobacco use: Differences across tobacco types, gender, and age","volume":"37","author":"Goel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2003.11.003","article-title":"Modeling the optimal fiscal policy on tobacco consumption","volume":"26","author":"Escario","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pol Modeling."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840500392599","article-title":"Tobacco consumption and policy in the United Kingdom","volume":"38","author":"Duffy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0007","first-page":"795","article-title":"Unemployment and change of tobacco habits: a study of young people from 16 to 21 years of age","volume":"89","author":"Hammarstrom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2018.02.004","article-title":"Smoking and local unemployment: Evidence from Germany","volume":"29","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072201512948300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ph.1900704","article-title":"Smoking habits - a question of trend or unemployment? 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