{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:06:21Z","timestamp":1790291181888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#R21CA249757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R21CA249757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 20 states and local jurisdictions in the United States have imposed e-cigarette taxes. It is important to evaluate how adult vapers, including those who also smoke respond to e-cigarette taxation. The purpose of this study is to examine factors associated with adult vapers\u2019 cost comparison between e-cigarettes and cigarettes (ie, which one is perceived to be more expensive) and expenditures (ie, dollars spent) on these two products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited a nationally representative sample of 801 adult e-cigarette users in the United States., who participated in an online survey in April\u2013May 2023. Nested-ordered logit and ordinary least squares regressions were used in the analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On average, adult vapers spent $82.22 per month on e-cigarettes, and dual users spent $118.77 per month on cigarettes. More frequent e-cigarette use, lower state-level e-cigarette taxes, age, and exclusive use of rechargeable tank systems with e-liquids were associated with considering e-cigarettes as less expensive than cigarettes. Exclusive use of tank systems was associated with lower e-cigarette spending. Adults who used e-cigarettes more frequently preferred to report weekly (vs. monthly) spending on e-cigarettes; among dual users, everyday smokers were more likely to think of weekly (vs. monthly) spending on cigarettes compared to someday smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among U.S. adult vapers, tobacco use frequency, and e-cigarette device type are closely related to cost measures; e-cigarette taxes are associated with cost comparison between e-cigarettes and cigarettes, suggesting potential financial disincentive for vaping. Policymakers may consider imposing differential taxes on e-cigarette product types due to their different costs to consumers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides supportive evidence that e-cigarette taxes may impact how vapers compare the costs of e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes. Given different expenditures and cost comparisons by e-cigarette device types, tax, and policy design may need to be taken into consideration of e-cigarette device types. We also found that indoor tobacco use restrictions in shared housing may reduce vaping, and future research is needed. The associations between sociodemographics and cost comparison and expenditures reflect known patterns in price responsiveness and vaping prevalence. Cost comparison and expenditures are related measures, which may further reflect product affordability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T23:25:32Z","timestamp":1729639532000},"page":"1367-1375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cost Comparison and Spending on Tobacco Products: Evidence From A Nationally Representative Sample of Adult E-cigarette Users"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoying","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooa","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5581-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6279-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F P","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ce","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus, OH ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults Aged 18 and Over: United States, 2021","volume":"475","author":"Kramarow","year":"2023","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0002","volume-title":"Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306416","article-title":"Balancing consideration of the risks and benefits of E-Cigarettes","volume":"111","author":"Balfour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults \u2013 United States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR"},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7210a7","article-title":"QuickStats: Percentage distribution of cigarette smoking status among current adult E-cigarette users, by age group - National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187399","article-title":"Relationship between spending on electronic cigarettes, 30-day use, and disease symptoms among current adult cigarette smokers in the U.S","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00103","article-title":"Percentage of income spent on tobacco and intention to quit: a cross-sectional analysis of the JASTIS 2020 study","volume":"27","author":"Takada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16425","article-title":"How do users compare the costs between nicotine vaping products and cigarettes? Findings from the 2016\u20132020 International","volume":"119","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2817","article-title":"Trends in E-cigarette use in adults in the United States, 2016-2018","volume":"180","author":"Obisesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2340859","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40859","article-title":"E-cigarette use among US adults in the 2021 behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey","volume":"6","author":"Erhabor","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntad074","article-title":"How has expenditure on nicotine products changed in a fast-evolving marketplace? A representative population survey in England, 2018-2022","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-079016","article-title":"Trends in long term vaping among adults in England, 2013-23: population based study","volume":"386","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0013"},{"issue":"e2","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056865","article-title":"Standardising the measurement of e-cigarette taxes in the USA, 2010\u20132020","volume":"32","author":"Cotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-014-9432-y","article-title":"Analysis of multiple partially ordered responses to belief items with Don\u2019t Know option","volume":"81","author":"Ip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"30","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8739","article-title":"Two-part models for repeatedly measured ordinal data with \u201cdon\u2019t know\u201d category","volume":"39","author":"Gueorguieva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2307\/1912352","article-title":"Sample selection bias as a specification error","volume":"47","author":"Heckman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306780","article-title":"E-cigarette flavors, devices, and brands used by youths before and after partial flavor restrictions in the United States: Canada, England, and the United States, 2017\u20122020","volume":"112","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2023.2188555","article-title":"E-cigarette device type, source, and use behaviors of youth and young adults: Findings from the truth longitudinal cohort (2020-2021)","volume":"58","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/174710","article-title":"Characterization of e-cigarette users according to device type, use behaviors, and self-reported health outcomes: Findings from the EMIT study","volume":"21","author":"Tillery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4826-z","article-title":"Initial ratings of different types of e-cigarettes and relationships between product appeal and nicotine delivery","volume":"235","author":"Hajek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.002","article-title":"Regulatory strategies for preventing and reducing nicotine vaping among youth: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"Reiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04076","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04076","article-title":"A systematic review for the impacts of global approaches to regulating electronic nicotine products","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2022.102676","article-title":"The effects of e-cigarette taxes on e-cigarette prices and tobacco product sales: evidence from retail panel data","volume":"86","author":"Cotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Econ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12150","article-title":"\u2018Vaping\u2019 profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users","volume":"108","author":"Dawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.02.002","article-title":"E-cigarette design preference and smoking cessation: A U.S. Population Study","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"e2","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056774","article-title":"Tax incidence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the USA","volume":"32","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s95","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056846","article-title":"Differential price responses for tobacco consumption: implications for tax incidence","volume":"31","author":"Cruces","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa046","article-title":"Simulating the impact of a cigarette minimum floor price law on adult smoking prevalence in California","volume":"22","author":"Golden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106196","article-title":"Associations of home and workplace vaping restrictions with e-cigarette use among U.S. adults","volume":"139","author":"Azagba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0031","volume-title":"Updated Toolkit on Using Household Expenditure Surveys for Research in the Economics of Tobacco Control","author":"John","year":"2023"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025072201514025300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14709","article-title":"Expenditure on smoking and alternative nicotine delivery products: a population survey in England","volume":"114","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction."}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae250\/60629897\/ntae250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/8\/1367\/60629897\/ntae250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/8\/1367\/60629897\/ntae250.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T05:51:49Z","timestamp":1753163509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/8\/1367\/7840737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae250","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.04.03.24305296","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}