{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:24:32Z","timestamp":1790400272652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clemson Faculty SUCCEEDS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006498","name":"Clemson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with opioid use disorder (OUD) on buprenorphine smoke at high rates and have low cessation rates, even with evidence-based medications. Electronic cigarettes (EC) are a promising harm reduction strategy for combusted cigarette (CC) smokers unable to quit. Unfortunately, people with OUD are underrepresented in EC research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pilot study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of EC as a harm reduction tool among CC smokers with OUD on buprenorphine (N\u2005=\u200530). Participants were provided with an EC and freebase nicotine liquid (6 mg\/mL) with a choice of flavor and a brief training session. Research visits were scheduled in person at baseline, week 4, and week 8 (follow-up). Daily diary assessments were completed during the 4-week EC period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most visits (&amp;gt;74%) and 61.4% of daily diary assessments were completed. During the 4-week study period, 90% of participants used the EC at least one day, 66.7% used the EC for at least 16 days, and 43.3% used the EC every day. Significant reductions were observed between baseline and both weeks 4 and 8 in cigarettes smoked per day (CPDbaseline = 16.2[8.3], CPDweek4 = 9.6[9.3], CPDweek8 = 8.4[8.3]) carbon monoxide (CO) levels (CObaseline\u2005=\u200521.5[15.0], COweek4 = 16.9[9.6], COweek8 = 15.7[10.0]), and nicotine dependence measured using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTNDbaseline\u2005=\u20055.4[2.5], FTNDweek4\u2005=\u20054.2[2.6], FTNDweek8\u2005=\u20054.4[2.6]), with all p-values\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementing an EC protocol in outpatient maintenance treatment programs is feasible and acceptable. Preliminary results suggest that ECs may facilitate reductions in cigarettes per day, CO levels, and nicotine dependence. Future research should explore the effect of prolonged EC use on harm reduction and cessation milestones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EC are a potentially promising harm reduction strategy for adult CC smokers with OUD on buprenorphine who are unable to quit using evidence-based medications. However, previous studies have largely overlooked people with OUD on buprenorphine with recent drug use. This study addresses this gap through a pilot trial investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of EC on CC behavior. The brief and standardized nature of the protocol and its implementation in outpatient settings highlights its potential for widespread implementation in facilities providing care to people with OUD on buprenorphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:20:04Z","timestamp":1730247604000},"page":"856-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of E-cigarettes on Combustible Cigarette Smoking Among Adults With Opioid Use Disorder on Buprenorphine: Single Arm ERASER Pilot Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Pericot-Valverde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clemson University , Clemson, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonseong","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadi","family":"Nahvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina , Greenville, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health , Greenville, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health , Greenville, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diann","family":"Gaalema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F","family":"Thrasher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7225-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail W","family":"Batchelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , Boston, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaileigh A","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clemson University , Clemson, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6717-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain H","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Clemson University , Clemson, SC ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"USC School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina , Greenville, SC ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Prisma Health Addiction Medicine Center, Prisma Health , Greenville, SC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00637-z","article-title":"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: an overview","volume":"33","author":"Shulman","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00701-z","article-title":"Achieving smoking cessation among persons with opioid use disorder","volume":"34","author":"Vlad","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000312","article-title":"High mortality among patients with opioid use disorder in a large healthcare system","volume":"11","author":"Hser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000356","article-title":"Use of smoking cessation methods among patients receiving office-based buprenorphine maintenance treatment","volume":"11","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2314977","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation - have we reached a tipping point","volume":"390","author":"Rigotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16063","article-title":"Biomarkers of potential harm in people switching from smoking tobacco to exclusive e-cigarette use, dual use or abstinence: secondary analysis of Cochrane systematic review of trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation","volume":"118","author":"Hartmann-Boyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102142","article-title":"Effect of unguided e-cigarette provision on uptake, use, and smoking cessation among adults who smoke in the USA: a naturalistic, randomised, controlled clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"Carpenter","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308815","article-title":"Electronic nicotine-delivery systems for smoking cessation","volume":"390","author":"Auer","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16091","article-title":"An exploration of flavours in studies of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"118","author":"Lindson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.07.003","article-title":"A pilot investigation of the effect of electronic cigarettes on smoking behavior among opioid-dependent smokers","volume":"91","author":"Felicione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0012","article-title":"Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066317","article-title":"EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: a Prospective 12-Month Randomized Control Design Study","volume":"8","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-786","article-title":"Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: a prospective 6-month pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Polosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0015"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132","article-title":"Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 Update","volume":"22","author":"Benowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz110","article-title":"Defining and measuring abstinence in clinical trials of smoking cessation interventions: an updated review","volume":"22","author":"Piper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0018","author":"NIH"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.8.2.133","article-title":"A stage model of behavioral therapies research: getting started and moving on from stage I","volume":"8","author":"Rounsaville","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Prac"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x","article-title":"Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard","volume":"100","author":"West","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13264","article-title":"Financial incentives to promote extended smoking abstinence in opioid-maintained patients: a randomized trial","volume":"111","author":"Sigmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802138814","article-title":"Preliminary study of buprenorphine and bupropion for opioid-dependent smokers","volume":"17","author":"Mooney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109337","article-title":"Short communication: Relationship between social determinants and opioid use disorder treatment outcomes by gender","volume":"232","author":"Parlier-Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2403_09","article-title":"Capturing momentary, self-report data: a proposal for reporting guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14503","article-title":"Compliance with ecological momentary assessment protocols in substance users: a meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab259","article-title":"Interest in electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation among adults with opioid use disorder in buprenorphine treatment: a mixed-methods investigation","volume":"24","author":"Streck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.012","article-title":"Electronic cigarette and tobacco use in individuals entering methadone or buprenorphine treatment","volume":"197","author":"Baldassarri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv267","article-title":"An open trial of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation among methadone-maintained smokers","volume":"18","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600202","article-title":"Exposure to tobacco smoke causes immediate damage: a report of the Surgeon General","volume":"126","author":"Benjamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0505-2","article-title":"Does reduced smoking if you can\u2019t stop make any difference","volume":"13","author":"Begh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2026032804503972800_CIT0031","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae260\/60924799\/ntae260.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/856\/60924799\/ntae260.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/856\/60924799\/ntae260.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:50:45Z","timestamp":1774687845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/5\/856\/7862740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}}}