{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1791975605574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R01MD013338-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MD013338-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA225520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA225520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024521","name":"Oklahoma Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STCST00400_FY24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STCST00400_FY24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024521","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Predominantly Black, Hispanic or Latino, and lower-income communities are overexposed to tobacco. This study investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking and racial\/ethnic and economic segregation using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A nationally representative sample of 4091 (aged 18\u201334 years) was surveyed between September and October 2016. We calculated census-tract population estimates to form ICE measures for ethnicity, race, income, ethnicity and income, and race and income. Quintiles were determined, with Quintile 1 (Q1) representing the most Hispanic\/Latino, Black, and lowest-income neighborhoods and Q5 representing the most non-Hispanic\/Latino, White, and highest-income neighborhoods. State fixed effects logistic regression models, weighted for national representativeness, assessed the relationship between ICE measures and past 30-day cigarette use, controlling for individual smoking correlates (eg, income, race\/ethnicity, tobacco use).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For racial\/ethnic segregation alone, individuals in neighborhoods with the highest proportions of Hispanic\/Latino versus non-Hispanic\/Latino (Q5 vs. Q1\u2013Q4 range 1.47\u20131.79) and Black versus White residents had higher smoking risk (Q5 vs. Q1 [1.41] and Q2 [1.40]). For economic segregation, individuals in Q2 and Q3 neighborhoods had higher smoking risk than those in Q5 (Q5 vs. Q2 [1.60] and Q3 [1.73]), but smoking risk did not differ between Q1 and Q5.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this sample, living in areas with the most Hispanic\/Latino and Black residents was associated with the highest smoking risk, while living in areas with highest-income residents was associated with lowest smoking risk, even controlling for individual factors. Understanding the impact of ethnic, racial, and economic segregation on smoking behaviors informs targeted interventions to reduce tobacco overexposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study\u2019s findings highlight the association between neighborhood socioeconomic factors and cigarette smoking. Racial and ethnic segregation is associated with higher smoking rates. The combined influence of racial, ethnic, and economic factors adds intricacy to the association between segregation and the risk of smoking. This research is significant as it provides valuable insights for designing focused interventions aimed at mitigating tobacco overexposure in predominantly Black, Hispanic\/Latino, and low-income neighborhoods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:27:45Z","timestamp":1732249665000},"page":"1016-1024","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the Relationship Between Racial, Ethnic, and Economic Residential Segregation and Cigarette Smoking Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyanika W","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health, Engagement, and Transformation and Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Rayens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elexis C","family":"Kierstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Y","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance , Blacksburg, VA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/67.2.281","article-title":"The dimensions of residential segregation","volume":"67","author":"Massey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0003","article-title":"The great real estate reset, separate and unequal: Persistent residential segregation is sustaining racial and economic injustice in the US","author":"Loh","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0004","volume-title":"The Color of Law","author":"Rothstein","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.12.002","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic residential segregation: framing the context of health risk and health disparities","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0873","article-title":"The association between state-level structural racism and alcohol and tobacco use behaviors among a national probability sample of Black Americans","volume":"33","author":"Woodard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"issue":"10077","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0008","first-page":"179","article-title":"Separate and unequal","volume":"19","author":"Landrine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethn Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302777","article-title":"A systematic review of neighborhood disparities in point-of-sale tobacco marketing","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01463-8","article-title":"Tobacco and alcohol retailer availability and neighborhood racialized, economic, and racialized economic segregation in North Carolina","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000078","article-title":"Race, social and environmental conditions, and health behaviors in men","volume":"38","author":"Thorpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fam Community Health."},{"key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102529","article-title":"The legacy of redlining: associations between historical neighborhood mapping and contemporary tobacco retailer density in Ohio","volume":"68","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"e2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053188","article-title":"Inequities in tobacco retailer sales to minors by neighbourhood racial\/ethnic composition, poverty and segregation, USA, 2015","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa005","article-title":"Neighborhood disparities in the availability, advertising, promotion, and youth appeal of little cigars and cigarillos, United States, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"August","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.12.047","article-title":"Smoking and sedentary behavior changes from adolescence to emerging adulthood: a multilevel modeling perspective","volume":"101","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9226-y","article-title":"Exploring health disparities in integrated communities: overview of the EHDIC Study","volume":"85","author":"LaVeist","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0017","first-page":"768","article-title":"What\u2019s an ethnic enclave?: the case for conceptual clarity\u2014comment","volume":"52","author":"Portes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Soc Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9868-5","article-title":"Havens of risks or resources? A study of two Latino neighborhoods in New York City","volume":"91","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urban Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9881-8","article-title":"A multilevel analysis of gender, Latino immigrant enclaves, and tobacco use behavior","volume":"91","author":"Cantrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0334-6","article-title":"Defining ethnic enclave and its associations with self-reported health outcomes among Asian American adults in New York City","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy004","article-title":"Using the index of concentration at the extremes at multiple geographical levels to monitor health inequities in an era of growing spatial social polarization: Massachusetts, USA (2010\u201314)","volume":"47","author":"Krieger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205728","article-title":"Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and race\/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension","volume":"69","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-016-0793-7","article-title":"Metrics for monitoring cancer inequities: residential segregation, the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), and breast cancer estrogen receptor status (USA, 1992\u20132012)","volume":"27","author":"Krieger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262962","article-title":"Racialized economic segregation and health outcomes: a systematic review of studies that use the Index of Concentration at the Extremes for race, income, and their interaction","volume":"17","author":"Sonderlund","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200827","article-title":"Patterns in first and daily cigarette initiation among youth and young adults from 2002 to 2015","volume":"13","author":"Cantrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.04.011","article-title":"Youth or young adults: which group is at highest risk for tobacco use onset","volume":"63","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s178","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055573","article-title":"Initiation of any tobacco and five tobacco products across 3 years among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1\u20133 (2013\u20132016)","volume":"29","author":"Stanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/679134","article-title":"Patterns of tobacco use and dual use in US young adults: the missing","volume":"2012","author":"Rath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"6510","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay4497","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay4497","article-title":"The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments","volume":"369","author":"Schell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138511","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","article-title":"Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Paradies","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(09)70864-3","article-title":"An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ\u20134","volume":"50","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300364","article-title":"Social norms, collective efficacy, and smoking cessation in urban neighborhoods","volume":"102","author":"Karasek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"6101","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224648","article-title":"Neighborhood effects on the long-term well-being of low-income adults","volume":"337","author":"Ludwig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"45","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0034","first-page":"893","article-title":"Tobacco product use among middle and high school students\u2014United States, 2011 and 2012","volume":"62","author":"Arrazola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"October","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106220","article-title":"Widening disparities in cigarette smoking by race\/ethnicity across education level in the United States","volume":"139","author":"Nguyen-Grozavu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab059","article-title":"Naming racism, not race, as a determinant of tobacco-related health disparities","volume":"23","author":"Pearson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w19753","article-title":"The roles of assimilation and ethnic enclave residence in immigrant smoking","volume-title":"National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 19753","author":"Maclean"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301362","article-title":"Marketing little cigars and cigarillos: advertising, price, and associations with neighborhood demographics","volume":"103","author":"Cantrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981211008390","article-title":"Neighborhood inequities in tobacco retailer density and the presence of tobacco-selling pharmacies and tobacco shops","volume":"49","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav."},{"issue":"e2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2022-057670","article-title":"Recommendations to advance equity in tobacco control","volume":"33","author":"Mills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"19","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9166","article-title":"Public preferences about secondary uses of electronic health information","volume":"173","author":"Grande","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05643-3","article-title":"Demographic and policy-based differences in behaviors and attitudes towards driving after marijuana use: an analysis of the 2013\u20132017 Traffic Safety Culture Index","volume":"14","author":"Benedetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00571.x","article-title":"A comparison of results from an alcohol survey of a prerecruited internet panel and the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"32","author":"Heeren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062420130156700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6702a1","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Jamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae277\/61048060\/ntae277.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1016\/61048060\/ntae277.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/6\/1016\/61048060\/ntae277.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:13:12Z","timestamp":1750810392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/6\/1016\/7907794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntae277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]}}}