{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:13:53Z","timestamp":1758636833855,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of cigarette smoking is high among U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) assistance recipients, putting others at risk for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. We evaluated the burden of SHS exposure among HUD-assisted children, adolescents, and adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using 2007\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data linked with HUD administrative data, we assessed SHS exposure prevalence, defined using serum cotinine, among non-tobacco, non-nicotine-using, HUD-assisted children and adolescents (ages 3\u201317 years, n\u2005=\u2005955) and adults (ages\u2005\u2265\u200518 years, n\u2005=\u2005878) and among low-income, HUD-unassisted children and adolescents (n\u2005=\u20055788) and adults (n\u2005=\u20058027). Time trends were evaluated. Unadjusted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were created to assess SHS exposure by HUD assistance status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of SHS exposure during 2015\u20132018 was 73.2% (95% CI = 63.2% to 81.7%) among HUD-assisted children and adolescents and 50.1% (95% CI = 40.1% to 60.1%) among HUD-assisted adults. Decreases in SHS exposure among HUD-assisted individuals from 2007\u20132010 through 2015\u20132018 were significant only for ages 12\u201317 years (78.6% [95% CI = 68.0% to 87.0%] to 64.3% [95% CI = 52.5% to 74.9%]; p\u2005=\u2005.04). Among low-income individuals, SHS exposure was higher during 2007\u20132018 among HUD-assisted than HUD-unassisted children and adolescents (OR = 3.39 [95% CI = 2.58 to 4.47]) and adults (2.11 [95% CI = 1.66 to 2.68]). Results remained significant after adjusting for social, demographic, and housing characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HUD-assisted children, adolescents, and adults had higher exposure to SHS than those not receiving HUD assistance. SHS exposure among HUD-assisted individuals was high for all years studied, compared to published estimates for the general US population, but did decrease among children and adolescents aged 12\u201317 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is the first to provide biomarker-derived prevalence estimates of SHS exposure among recipients of HUD assistance within a nationally representative sample of the United States. The findings suggest that HUD-assisted children, adolescents, and adults are an at-risk population for SHS exposure, independent of known confounding social and demographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T07:15:32Z","timestamp":1736752532000},"page":"1541-1551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cotinine-Measured Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Federal Housing Assistance Recipients Without Active Tobacco or Nicotine Use in the United States: NHANES, 2007\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Stierman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC , Hyattsville, MD ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Helms Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra J","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC , Hyattsville, MD ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline V","family":"Bachand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research , Washington, DC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2014","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0001"},{"volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2006","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0002"},{"issue":"48","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6748a3","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers\u2014United States, 1988-2014","volume":"67","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.004","article-title":"Trends in secondhand smoke exposure, 2011-2018: impact and implications of expanding serum cotinine range","volume":"61","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"396","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:101197","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults: United States, 2015-2018","author":"Brody","year":"2021","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"348","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking youth: United States, 2013-2016","author":"Brody","year":"2019","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3975","article-title":"Disparities in secondhand smoke exposure in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018","volume":"181","author":"Shastri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2046","article-title":"Tobacco-smoke exposure in children who live in multiunit housing","volume":"127","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500165","article-title":"The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants","volume":"11","author":"Klepeis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol."},{"issue":"35","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0010","first-page":"765","article-title":"Prevalence of smokefree home rules\u2014United States, 1992-1993 and 2010-2011","volume":"63","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"author":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0011"},{"key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:100685","volume-title":"Health, United States","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E48","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd15.170395","article-title":"Characteristics and correlates of cigarette smoking status among US adults receiving federal housing assistance","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.02.001","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and adverse health outcomes among adults receiving federal housing assistance","volume":"99","author":"Helms","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults\u2014United States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Cornelius","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"author":"U.S. Census Bureau","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0016"},{"volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0017"},{"volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Analytic Guidelines, 2011-2014 and 2015-2016","year":"2018","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0018"},{"issue":"160","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0019","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 2007-2010","author":"Curtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0020"},{"issue":"56","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0021","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: plan and operations, 1999-2010","author":"Zipf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 1"},{"author":"National Center for Health Statistics - Division of Analysis and Epidemiology","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0022"},{"author":"National Center for Health Statistics - Division of Analysis and Epidemiology","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0023"},{"author":"National Center for Health Statistics - Division of Analysis and Epidemiology","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0024"},{"journal-title":"Research Data Center (RDC)","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0025"},{"journal-title":"Cotinine and Hydroxycotinine - Serum (COT_J) Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0026"},{"key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E42","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd16.180531","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke and secondhand e-cigarette aerosol among middle and high school students","volume":"16","author":"Gentzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2421246","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.21246","article-title":"Secondhand nicotine absorption from e-cigarette vapor vs tobacco smoke in children","volume":"7","author":"Tattan-Birch","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"journal-title":"Demographic Variables and Sample Weights (DEMO_J) Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0029"},{"author":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0030"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303432","article-title":"Housing assistance and blood lead levels: children in the United States, 2005-2012","volume":"106","author":"Ahrens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"166","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0032","first-page":"1","article-title":"NCHS urban\u2013rural classification scheme for counties","author":"Ingram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vital and Health Statistics, Series 2"},{"volume-title":"Survey: Analysis of Complex Survey Samples","year":"2020","author":"Lumley","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0033"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0034","first-page":"193","article-title":"Confidence intervals for proportions with small expected number of positive counts estimated from survey data","volume":"24","author":"Korn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surv Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101098","article-title":"Health disparities among Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries who participate in federal rental housing assistance programs","volume":"14","author":"Brucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disability Health J"},{"volume-title":"Household Food Insecurity and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Federal Housing Assistance, ERR-277","year":"2020","author":"Helms","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0036"},{"issue":"175","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0037","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Center for Health Statistics data presentation standards for proportions","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0038","first-page":"1108","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2005-2013","volume":"63","author":"Jamal","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.037382","article-title":"When smokers move out and non-smokers move in: residential thirdhand smoke pollution and exposure","volume":"20","author":"Matt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122693","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke: recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137740","article-title":"Changes in tobacco smoke exposure following the institution of a smoke-free policy in the Boston Housing Authority","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu146","article-title":"Comparison of indoor air quality in smoke-permitted and smoke-free multiunit housing: findings from the Boston Housing Authority","volume":"17","author":"Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030327","article-title":"Modeling environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) infiltration in low-income multifamily housing before and after building energy retrofits","volume":"13","author":"Fabian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"year":"2021","author":"Eggers","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0044"},{"author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Office on Smoking and Health","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0045"},{"volume-title":"Implementing HUD\u2019s Smoke-Free Policy in Public Housing: HUD Guidebook.","year":"2017","author":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0046"},{"volume-title":"Smoke-Free Public Housing: Research and Implementation","author":"Fudge","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0047"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24385","article-title":"Evaluation of secondhand smoke exposure in New York City Public Housing after implementation of the 2018 federal smoke-free housing policy","volume":"3","author":"Thorpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082200023193800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.3.2.7","article-title":"Secondhand smoke exposure and smoke-free policy in Philadelphia Public Housing","volume":"3","author":"Klassen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Regul Sci"}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf006\/61426430\/ntaf006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/9\/1541\/61426430\/ntaf006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/9\/1541\/61426430\/ntaf006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:02:39Z","timestamp":1755835359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/9\/1541\/7953002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-994X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}}}