{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:51:58Z","timestamp":1758862318849,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01HL081522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL081522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute Cancer Center","award":["P30CA077598","UL1TR000114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA077598","UL1TR000114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the United States, 80% of adults experiencing homelessness smoke combustible cigarettes. Power to Quit 2 (PTQ2) was a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of a combined smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence biobehavioral intervention, Intensive Smoking plus Alcohol (IS\u2005+\u2005A), versus Usual Care (UC) for adults experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PTQ2 was conducted in two urban homeless shelters in the Upper Midwest (2014\u2013-2018). People who smoked and reported hazardous alcohol use (N\u2005=\u2005344) were randomized to IS\u2005+\u2005A (10 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking and alcohol cessation plus nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], n\u2005=\u2005168) or UC (educational session on smoking and alcohol cessation plus NRT, n\u2005=\u2005176). The primary hypothesis was that the intervention would result in greater biochemically verified 7-day point-prevalent smoking abstinence 26 weeks post-intervention compared with UC. Our secondary hypothesis was that the intervention would result in greater 30-day alcohol abstinence 26 weeks post-intervention compared with UC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At week 26, the IS\u2005+\u2005A intervention group did not differ from the UC group in expired carbon-monoxide-verified 7-day point-prevalent smoking abstinence (16.6% vs. 12.8%, P\u2005=\u2005.47) or rate of self-reported 30-day alcohol abstinence (91.1% vs. 90.2%, P\u2005=\u2005.75).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The IS\u2005+\u2005A intervention did not result in significantly better smoking or alcohol cessation outcomes than UC. Nonetheless, trends in the smoking outcome data favored the intervention group, underscoring the importance of continued research into biobehavioral interventions that address smoking and alcohol use among adults experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study highlights the difficulty in observing changes in smoking outcomes in interventions tailored to concurrently address smoking and alcohol use among persons experiencing homelessness. The findings add to existing knowledge by providing evidence about the real-world complexities facing people who use tobacco and alcohol while experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:06:00Z","timestamp":1747353960000},"page":"1840-1845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Abstinence Treatment for People Experiencing Homelessness: A Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olanrewaju","family":"Onigbogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3561-8276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, University of Minnesota School of Public Health , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Biostatistics Core , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A","family":"Everson-Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ned L","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Specker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kolawole","family":"Okuyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10082","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30819-X","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Reitsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx034","article-title":"Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"40","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts030","article-title":"Smoking characteristics and comorbidities in the power to quit randomized clinical trial for homeless smokers","volume":"15","author":"Okuyemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2014.302248","article-title":"Tobacco-, alcohol-, and drug-attributable deaths and their contribution to mortality disparities in a cohort of homeless adults in Boston","volume":"105","author":"Baggett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6987-7","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s a hard thing to manage when you\u2019re homeless\u201d: the impact of the social environment on smoking cessation for smokers experiencing homelessness","volume":"19","author":"Pratt","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00438.x","article-title":"Addressing smoking and other health risk behaviours using a novel telephone-delivered intervention for homeless people: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"31","author":"Bonevski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx178","article-title":"Financial incentives for smoking abstinence in homeless smokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Baggett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12140","article-title":"Motivational interviewing to enhance nicotine patch treatment for smoking cessation among homeless smokers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Okuyemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.03.024","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and advice to quit in a national sample of homeless adults","volume":"39","author":"Baggett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010274","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010274.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders","volume":"11","author":"Apollonio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013413","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013413.pub2","article-title":"Interventions to reduce tobacco use in people experiencing homelessness","volume":"12","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0858-z","article-title":"Integrating smoking cessation and alcohol use treatment in homeless populations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Ojo-Fati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13563-5","article-title":"The implementation of a smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence intervention for people experiencing homelessness","volume":"22","author":"Pratt","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.031","article-title":"Auditing the AUDIT: a systematic review of cut-off scores for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"202","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206436","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.6436","article-title":"Dose-response association of low-intensity and nondaily smoking with mortality in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Inoue-Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"volume-title":"Perceived stress scale. Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists","year":"1994","author":"Cohen","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0016"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-9338(97)83296-8","article-title":"The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI","volume":"12","author":"Lecrubier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199603000-00003","article-title":"Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer","volume":"58","author":"Everson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"journal-title":"Understanding Alcohol Drinking Patterns","article-title":"Research-based information on drinking and its impact","author":"Alcohol\u2019s Effects on Health","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0020"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02624.x","article-title":"Smoking cessation during alcohol treatment: a randomized trial of combination nicotine patch plus nicotine gum","volume":"104","author":"Cooney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"journal-title":"United States Preventive Services Task Force 2021","article-title":"Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions","author":"Final Recommendation Statement","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","article-title":"When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials \u2013 a practical guide with flowcharts","volume":"17","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2023.100523","article-title":"Association between psychosocial factors and co-morbid cigarette smoking and alcohol use in a population experiencing homelessness","volume":"19","author":"Onigbogi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts205","article-title":"Optimal carbon monoxide criteria to confirm 24-hr smoking abstinence","volume":"15","author":"Perkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025092523420082800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132","article-title":"Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update","volume":"22","author":"Benowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res."}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf085\/63199761\/ntaf085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/10\/1840\/63199761\/ntaf085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/27\/10\/1840\/63199761\/ntaf085.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T03:43:05Z","timestamp":1758858185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/27\/10\/1840\/8133320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-994X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}