{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:30:32Z","timestamp":1787009432879,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on smokeless tobacco (SLT) users is underexplored in India, with prior research primarily focusing on smokers. This study assessed and compared the effectiveness of combining behavioral intervention (BI) and NRT with BI alone on smoking and SLT cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 1.5-year prospective, open-label, three-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Tobacco Cessation Clinic, SCB Dental College and Hospital, Odisha, India. The three intervention groups\u2014BI, BI\u2005+\u2005nicotine patch, and BI\u2005+\u2005nicotine gum\u2014were assessed using a prevalidated proforma on sociodemographics, relevant medical and dental history, oral hygiene practices, and previous tobacco use patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study enrolled 130 participants. At 26 weeks, 63.3% (19\/30) in the BI\u2005+\u2005patch and 52.9% (18\/34) in the BI\u2005+\u2005gum achieved abstinence, compared to 24.1% (7\/29) in the BI group. The odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI); p-value of abstinence was 6.03 (1.90\u201319.15; p\u2005=\u2005.003) for BI\u2005+\u2005patch, and 3.25 (1.08\u20139.78; p\u2005=\u2005.035) for BI\u2005+\u2005gum. Among SLT users, abstinence was achieved in 70.59% (12\/17) with BI\u2005+\u2005patch (OR 6.40, 95% CI: 1.57\u201326.03; p\u2005=\u2005.010) and 53.85% (14\/26) with BI\u2005+\u2005gum (OR 3.11, 95% CI: .92\u201310.47; p\u2005=\u2005.067) versus 27.27% (6\/22) with BI alone. Both intervention groups demonstrated significantly reduced relapse risk versus BI alone (Hazard ratio [HR] 0.45, 95% CI: .24\u2013.83; p\u2005=\u2005.011) for BI\u2005+\u2005patch and HR 0.40, 95% CI: .22\u2013.74; p\u2005=\u2005.003 for BI\u2005+\u2005gum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combination therapy (BI\u2005+\u2005NRT) is more effective than BI alone. The BI\u2005+\u2005patch combination is more effective than BI\u2005+\u2005gum and BI alone. The NRT intervention groups had higher abstinence rates and reduced relapses than the standard BI group. Further studies are required to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T19:54:26Z","timestamp":1746042866000},"page":"1695-1702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Behavioral Intervention in Tobacco Cessation\u2014A Tertiary Hospital-Based Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utkal Keshari","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Public Health Dentistry, SCB Dental College and Hospital , Cuttack, Odisha ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Public Health Dentistry, SCB Dental College and Hospital , Cuttack, Odisha ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Public Health Dentistry, SCB Dental College and Hospital , Cuttack, Odisha ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swapna","family":"Sarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Public Health Dentistry, SCB Dental College and Hospital , Cuttack, Odisha ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemamalini","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept of Public Health Dentistry, SCB Dental College and Hospital , Cuttack, Odisha ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092523415002200_CIT0001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"31  2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025092523415002200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","article-title":"Health effects of tobacco at the global, regional, and national levels: results from the 2019 global burden of disease study","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"issue":"10292","key":"2025092523415002200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Tobacco Collaborators. 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