{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:39:04Z","timestamp":1789443544288,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines trends in social norms toward cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use among US youth during 2015-2021, focusing on descriptive interpersonal norms (friends\u2019 behavior) and injunctive norms at interpersonal (perceived important others\u2019 negative view) and societal level (perceived public disapproval).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respondents were youth aged 12 to 17 from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study of the United States, Wave 3 (2015-2016) to Wave 6 (2021). Logistic regression models that adjusted for demographics and participation effects assessed norm changes over time and their association with use status in Wave 6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2015 and 2021, the probability of having friends who smoked cigarettes decreased (26.1% vs. 7.9%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.81 [95% confidence interval = 0.72 to 0.91]), while having friends who use e-cigarettes generally decreased (31.6% vs. 22.3%, aOR = 0.46, [0.37-0.58]) despite an increase in 2018-2019. Perceived negative views from important others remained stable for both products during 2015-2019, peaked in 2020 (85.2% and 86.2%) before declining slightly in 2021. Perceived public disapproval increased to a peak in 2020 for both products (73.3% to 84.2% for cigarettes and 55.4% to 77.5% for e-cigarettes). In 2021, having friends who used e-cigarettes was associated with current e-cigarette use (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 15.07 [9.94-22.85]) and current dual use (RRR = 3.38 [1.41-8.13]), while important others\u2019 negative view toward e-cigarette use reduced the likelihood of current e-cigarette use (RRR\u2005=\u20050.3 [0.2-0.44]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among US youth during 2015-2021, norms consistently indicated denormalization of cigarette smoking. e-cigarette norms showed greater variability, particularly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T07:23:59Z","timestamp":1748849039000},"page":"2168-2176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trends in 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