{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:35:06Z","timestamp":1790710506101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\/402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20\/144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25\/388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25\/388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cancer Research Trust John Gavin Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differential DNA methylation (DNAm) of the CpG site cg05575921, within the gene body of AHRR, has been shown to be a robust indicator of tobacco smoking exposure. This study aimed to determine if cg05575921 at AHRR DNAm had a clinically relevant association with prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and compare its predictive performance with self-reported smoking assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whole blood cg05575921 (AHRR) DNAm was assessed using a simple droplet digital PCR assay in a cohort of 2784 elderly individuals. DNAm values were used to impute smoking status and its independent association with prevalent CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with previous reports, cg05575921 (AHRR) had significant, sensitive, and specific associations with self-reported smoking status (SRSS: never, ex-, current. &amp;lt;0.0001 between groups). This DNAm marker was also associated with the length of smoking cessation in ex-smokers (rho 0.55, p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.0001, Spearman rank correlation). A key finding of this study was that cg05575921 DNAm had a distinct non-linear relationship with a history of prevalent CVD. DNAm-imputed smoking status (ex-smoker quit &amp;gt;21\u00a0years, ex-smoker quit &amp;lt;21\u00a0years, and current smoker), remained significantly associated with CVD after covariant adjustment, which included SRSS (OR 2.5, 3.1, and 6.0, p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.0001, respectively). Even among never smokers, cg05575921 values were also significantly associated with CVD (Mann\u2013Whitney U test p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imputed (cg05575921 AHRR) DNAm smoking status appears to have a significant and independent association with the prevalence of CVD. This association is stronger than that of conventional SRSS and may suggest potential utility to improve existing CVD risk prediction scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study were consistent with previous reports showing that the DNA methylation status of cg05575921 is highly accurate in identifying smoking status (current, ex-smokers, or never smokers), including the length of time an ex-smoker had quit. The marker\u2019s levels also had a strong relationship with prevalent CVD, including after adjusting for other risk factors, such as age, diabetes, and even self-reported smoking status. This study makes a strong contribution to a growing body of work suggesting that this DNAm marker may have substantial clinical utility to aid \u201cprecision-medicine\u201d chronic disease risk prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T11:35:38Z","timestamp":1754393738000},"page":"422-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A DNA Methylation Marker, cg05575921 (\n                    <i>AHRR<\/i>\n                    ), Outperforms Self-Reported Smoking Exposure for Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6950-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory T","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin Medical School, University of Otago , Dunedin ,","place":["New 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