{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:46:40Z","timestamp":1771919200964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Programs for Brain Science and Brain-like Intelligence Technology","award":["2022ZD0214500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0214500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82260359, 82371500, U22A20303, 61971451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260359, 82371500, U22A20303, 61971451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023QN08007, 2025MS08098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QN08007, 2025MS08098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Fundamental Research Funds for Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Development Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia","award":["NJYT24030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT24030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research has primarily concentrated on alterations in spontaneous brain activity within the gray matter of young smokers; however, the influence of nicotine addiction on spontaneous brain activity in the white matter was unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study encompassed 45 male smokers and 45 male non-smokers. Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) and Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations (ALFF) analyses were applied to examine regional neural activity in the white matter. Voxel-wise two-sample t-tests were employed to detect differences between the two groups, significance was determined using an False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction (voxel-level threshold: p\u00a0&amp;lt;\u2009.001; cluster-level q\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Pearson correlation was conducted to assess the relationships between ReHo\/ALFF and the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smokers exhibited significantly decreased ReHo in the corticospinal tract (CST) and the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC),while increased ReHo was observed in the bilateral posterior thalamic radiation (PTR). Decreased ALFF was observed in the right superior corona radiata, the SCC, and the left medial lemniscus. Correlation analysis showed that the ReHo value in the CST was negatively correlated with FTND (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.353, p\u00a0=\u2009.017).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that there were abnormalities in the local functional activity of white matter in young smokers; and the aberrant activity was related the severity of smoking. The findings may provide additional evidence for understanding nicotine addiction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals abnormal patterns of localized spontaneous neural activity in the white matter of young smokers. Given the developmental trajectory of the brain, alterations in white matter functional activity may precede those in gray matter. These findings suggest that localized white matter functional changes could serve as early biomarkers of young nicotine addicts and expand our understanding of its underlying neurobiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T11:39:40Z","timestamp":1755949180000},"page":"389-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Study of Localized Spontaneous Activity Changes in Cerebral White Matter in Adolescent Smoking Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1892-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daining","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8700-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District , Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingze","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuailin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Intelligence Industry College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology , No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District, Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanlong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District , Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, No. 7 Aerding Street, Kun District , Baotou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology , Xidian University, No. 266 Xinglong Section, Xifeng Road, Yanta District, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"2026022323171175100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1503675","article-title":"Smoking and mortality\u2014beyond established causes","volume":"372","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026022323171175100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e795","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(16)30187-5","article-title":"Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12-15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"4","author":"Xi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.008","article-title":"Factors underlying prefrontal and insula structural alterations in smokers","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022323171175100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12515","article-title":"Altered interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity in young male smokers","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9511-z","article-title":"Altered resting state functional connectivity of anterior insula in young smokers","volume":"11","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022323171175100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9568-8","article-title":"The implication of salience network abnormalities in young male adult smokers","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022323171175100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0495-379","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging depicts the brain in action","volume":"1","author":"Buonocore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00663","article-title":"Dynamic neuroimaging biomarkers of smoking in young smokers","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109185","article-title":"White matter microstructure differences in individuals with dependence on cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine: findings from the ENIGMA-addiction working group","volume":"230","author":"Ottino-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939707","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.939707","article-title":"Chronic tobacco smoking, impaired reward-based decision-making, and role of insular cortex: a comparison between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers","volume":"13","author":"Conti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026022323171175100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0630-2","article-title":"Associations of cigarette smoking with gray and white matter in the UK biobank","volume":"45","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00208","article-title":"Addiction as an attachment disorder: white matter impairment is linked to increased negative affective states in poly-drug use","volume":"11","author":"Unterrainer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref13","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Sharma","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00239","article-title":"Does functional MRI detect activation in white matter? A review of emerging evidence, issues, and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Gawryluk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251308","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/251308","article-title":"Functional topography of human corpus callosum: an FMRI mapping study","volume":"2013","author":"Fabri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.02.022","article-title":"Abnormal regional spontaneous brain activities in white matter in patients with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"490","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82587-5","article-title":"White matter of perinatally HIV infected older youths shows low frequency fluctuations that may reflect glial cycling","volume":"11","author":"Sarma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.030","article-title":"Regional homogeneity approach to fMRI data analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.054","article-title":"Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation within visual areas revealed by resting-state functional MRI","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022323171175100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","article-title":"DPABI: data processing & analysis for (resting-state) brain imaging","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24801","article-title":"Impaired interactions among white-matter functional networks in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022323171175100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.07.002","article-title":"Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI","volume":"29","author":"Zang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.062","article-title":"New tissue priors for improved automated classification of subcortical brain structures on MRI","volume":"130","author":"Lorio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012","article-title":"An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) for resting-state fMRI: fractional ALFF","volume":"172","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026022323171175100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026022323171175100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020708","article-title":"Microstructure abnormalities in adolescents with internet addiction disorder","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00532","article-title":"Alterations in white matter integrity in young adults with smartphone dependence","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022323171175100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3125-6","article-title":"Cortical excitability in smoking and not smoking individuals with and without nicotine","volume":"229","author":"Grundey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107690","article-title":"White matter microstructural changes in internet addiction disorder: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"143","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5409","key":"2026022323171175100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1908","article-title":"Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study","volume":"283","author":"Paus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref32","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"George","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.039","article-title":"Topographical organization of human corpus callosum: an fMRI mapping study","volume":"1370","author":"Fabri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.015","article-title":"White matter development and tobacco smoking in young adults: a systematic review with recommendations for future research","volume":"162","author":"Gogliettino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022323171175100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12237","article-title":"White matter integrity in young smokers: a tract-based spatial statistics study","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1076\/0929-7049","article-title":"The clinical neuropsychology of attention in school-aged children","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022323171175100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.016","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment in children and young adults","volume":"26","author":"Snook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022323171175100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22250","article-title":"An independent components and functional connectivity analysis of resting state fMRI data points to neural network dysregulation in adult ADHD","volume":"35","author":"Hoekzema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022323171175100_ref39","first-page":"85","article-title":"Gross' pathological anatomy","volume":"1","year":"1840","journal-title":"West J Med Surg"},{"key":"2026022323171175100_ref40","first-page":"55","article-title":"Functions and connections of the medial lemniscus","volume":"3","author":"Matzke","year":"1945","journal-title":"Bull Creighton Univ"}],"container-title":["Nicotine and Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf175\/64115381\/ntaf175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/389\/64115381\/ntaf175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/28\/3\/389\/64115381\/ntaf175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T04:17:19Z","timestamp":1771906639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/28\/3\/389\/8240396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]}}}