{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:49:14Z","timestamp":1782114554047,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare price-responsiveness of smoking participation and intensity across US income groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We pooled the 2015\u20132016, 2018\u20132019, and 2022 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey data (n\u2009=\u2009337\u2009974 aged 18+), classifying respondents into poor, low-income, middle-income, and high-income groups (&amp;lt;100%, 100%\u2013199%, 200%\u2013399%, and\u2009\u2265\u2009400% of the federal poverty level [FPL], respectively). Using a two-part econometric model of cigarette demand, we estimated the price elasticities of smoking participation and intensity for each income group. State-level cigarette price data came from the Tax Burden on Tobacco Report. Additional covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, secular variation, state-level smoke-free air law coverage, tobacco control program funding, and unemployment rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Price elasticity of smoking participation was significant for the poor (\u22120.32), low-income (\u22120.27), and middle-income (\u22120.24) groups but not for the high-income group. Price elasticity of smoking intensity was statistically significant for middle-income (\u22120.33) and high-income (\u22120.42) smokers but not for poor and low-income smokers. Total price elasticity of cigarette demand was statistically significant for all groups; total elasticity estimates were highest among the middle-income group (\u22120.56), followed by the low-income group (\u22120.48), and were lowest among the poorest (\u22120.40) and highest income (\u22120.40) groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that the lower-income (&amp;lt;200% FPL) groups were significantly more price-responsive than the high-income group in reducing smoking participation but smokers in these lower-income groups were not price-responsive in reducing smoking intensity. Policymakers might consider earmarking cigarette taxation revenues for cessation assistance to help smokers in the lower-income groups who could not quit smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adds to the rich but inconclusive literature that compares the price-responsiveness of smoking behaviors across US income groups. Our results indicate that the lower-income (&amp;lt;200% FPL) groups were significantly more price-responsive than the high-income group in quitting cigarette smoking but smokers in the lower-income groups were not price-responsive in reducing smoking intensity. Policymakers might consider earmarking cigarette taxation revenues for cessation assistance to help smokers in the lower-income groups who could not quit smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T11:41:32Z","timestamp":1756294892000},"page":"61-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Price-Responsiveness of Cigarette Smoking Behaviors Across Income Groups in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5377-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Keeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 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