{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:08:25Z","timestamp":1779912505957,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Council Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Innovative interventions such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may hold promise for individuals seeking smoking cessation support. In this phase II pilot trial, we explored the potential of low-frequency rTMS (1\u00a0Hz) combined with nicotine replacement therapy to contribute to sustained tobacco abstinence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A noncomparative single-step Fleming-type phase II randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled design was used to test the eligibility of active rTMS for a phase III trial. The primary outcome was the biochemically confirmed continuous abstinence rate (CAR) at 6\u00a0weeks postrandomization in the active rTMS group. Secondary outcomes included the 12-week and 12-month continuous abstinence rate, craving, mood, and safety evaluations in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-eight participants were randomized to the active (n\u2009=\u200939) or sham (n\u2009=\u200939) rTMS group. All the participants received nicotine replacement therapy. In the active rTMS group, at 6-week follow-up, 16 patients (41%) were abstinent versus 18 patients (46%) in the sham rTMS group. At the 12-week and 12-month follow-up assessments, the abstinence rates declined in both groups, with 26% and 15% of participants maintaining abstinence in the active rTMS group, compared with 15% and 10% in the sham group, respectively. Craving scores decreased in both groups, and mood scores were equally distributed. Eleven mild-to-moderate adverse events were reported in the active group versus 23 in the sham group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given our definition of treatment efficacy, active low-frequency rTMS can be considered effective and eligible for a phase III trial. However, this result requires careful consideration since the sham rTMS group exhibited similar outcomes. The remaining uncertainty suggests a need for further research, particularly to assess nicotine\u2019s influence on cortical excitability.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04591743.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Lay summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studying low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for smoking cessation is important for improving treatment tolerability. The Tabacstim2 trial found that low-frequency rTMS showed sufficient signals of efficacy to justify progression to a phase III trial. However, some uncertainty remains, as the sham rTMS group demonstrated comparable outcomes. Further research is needed to clarify nicotine\u2019s impact on cortical excitability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntag097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:12:20Z","timestamp":1777637540000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-frequency rTMS in combination with nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: a phase II noncomparative Fleming-type randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Demina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire d\u2019Addictologie , Dijon, 21000 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INSERM U1093, UFR STAPS, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe , Dijon ,","place":["21000, 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Dijon Bourgogne ,","place":["Dijon, 21000, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Trojak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire d\u2019Addictologie , Dijon, 21000 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"INSERM U1093, UFR STAPS, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Europe , Dijon ,","place":["21000, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052715465611900_ref1","volume-title":"Tobacco","author":"WHO","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026052715465611900_ref2","article-title":"Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation","volume":"5","author":"Hartmann-Boyce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst 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