{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T18:35:19Z","timestamp":1786473319391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["101008139 (EUREST-RISE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008139 (EUREST-RISE)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020770","name":"NYUAD Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G1206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G1206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Imperial College Research Fellowship"},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["101008139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101008139"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco use is considered the leading preventable cause of mortality and morbidity. Young adults are particularly susceptible to tobacco use. This review aims to identify and synthesize evidence on the effect of changes in combustible tobacco tax on smoking behaviors, including smoking prevalence, initiation, consumption levels, and cessation, among young adults aged 18-25.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search was conducted across Medline, Embase, Scopus, and EconLit, covering the period from January 1, 2004, to April 30, 2024. We included publications where more than 50% of the sample were aged 18-25\u00a0years or where results for this age group were specifically presented. We excluded single-time-point cross-sectional studies, modeling studies, reviews, and meta-analyses. Data were summarized qualitatively using a narrative synthesis method. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024554045).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 6580 publications. Following screening by two independent reviewers, we included 21 publications. Seven publications were specific to young adults, and 14 publications included adults and young adults, but reported findings separately. Findings suggest that tax increases result in an overall reduction in smoking prevalence and consumption levels among users. Results for smoking initiation were mixed. Regarding cessation, tax increases were associated with higher quit attempts and successful quitting rates in most studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The included studies consistently showed that combustible tax increases were associated with lower smoking prevalence and consumption levels and with higher quitting rates among young people in a variety of settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review suggests that increasing combustible tobacco taxes remains beneficial for young adults. However, it also highlights important gaps in the current research. We found that the overall quality of the included studies was moderate, underscoring the need for more rigorous research. There is a significant need for more research in upper-middle and low-income countries, particularly within the African and Eastern Mediterranean Regions, to gain region-specific insights. Future research should specifically target smoking initiation and cessation among young adults, as current data in these areas are limited. Additionally, it is crucial to examine how young adults adapt their tobacco use behaviors to minimize costs, especially by switching from combustible tobacco to non-combustible tobacco and nicotine products. Understanding this is vital for designing effective public health policies that account for the evolving tobacco and nicotine market.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntag164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:04:37Z","timestamp":1784721877000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of combustible tobacco tax changes on smoking behaviors among young adults: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"Alblooshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi , PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0033-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariadna","family":"Feliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7881-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi , PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi ,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippos T","family":"Filippidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081113473036600_ref1","volume-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2023: Protect People from Tobacco Smoke","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026081113473036600_ref2","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081113473036600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE","article-title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors","volume":"328","author":"Doll","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2026081113473036600_ref4","volume-title":"The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Control. 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