{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:15:23Z","timestamp":1788380123885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Education","award":["R25AA030409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25AA030409"]}]},{"name":"Education","award":["R25DA059883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25DA059883"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nicotine e-cigarettes (ECs) have been evaluated as aids for combustible cigarette (CC) cessation and in a recent evidence synthesis, were determined to improve quit rates versus nicotine replacement therapy. Dual EC\/CC use is a common real-world tobacco use pattern with distinct dependence and harm exposure implications but is rarely treated as a trial outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed peer-reviewed trials included in a recent Cochrane review and meta-analysis of EC for smoking cessation to determine whether dual EC\/CC use prevalence at trial endpoints (1) was directly reported (or derivable from reported outcomes) and (2) the specificity with which dual use was defined. Further, we calculated the prevalence of dual use at the most commonly reported post-intervention timepoint (ie, 4\u00a0weeks).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 71 eligible peer-reviewed trials, 57 (80.3%) did not report dual use prevalence; 1 (1.4%) allowed derivation; and 12 (16.9%) reported dual use as an outcome. Only one of those twelve that reported dual use specified both the frequency and duration of use of each product in their definition of dual use. Across reported timepoints, dual use prevalence in EC arms ranged from 6.6% to 89.5%; the mean prevalence at 4\u00a0weeks was 42.6%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dual use is infrequently and inconsistently reported in EC smoking cessation trials, limiting interpretation of both clinical efficacy and public health impact. We provide recommendations for defining dual use as a trial outcome and for standardizing reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-cigarettes have been proposed as a smoking cessation aid, and a recent review and meta-analysis reports they are more effective than nicotine replacement therapies. However, our review of the reports included in that review and meta-analysis shows that the majority of trials do not report on dual use as an outcome and among those that do, definitions of dual use are not well specified. Given that dual use is associated with relapse to exclusive cigarette use and higher nicotine dependence, it should be better understood as an outcome in clinical studies in order to evaluate the public health benefit of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntag180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T12:50:43Z","timestamp":1786798243000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond quitting: uncovering gaps in reporting dual use in trials of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Makayla S","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC, 27707 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail E","family":"Hoyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral 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