{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:07:51Z","timestamp":1792786071107,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"NIDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R03DA052881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03DA052881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Drug Abuse","award":["R01 DA05361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA05361"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fq5cm18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Drug Abuse","award":["R01 DA07572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA07572"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fq5cm18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Drug Abuse","award":["R01 DA12289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA12289"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fq5cm18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Drug Abuse","award":["R01 DA012289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA012289"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fq5cm18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the burgeoning evidence that low positive affect (PA) and anhedonia are important smoking withdrawal symptoms, we added the PA\/Friendly items of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) alongside established withdrawal items from the Shiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Questionnaire (SJWQ) to identify the best subsets of items for predicting smoking relapse. The Short Withdrawal Symptom Scale (SWiSS) was generated from these selected items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary data analysis was conducted with four randomized clinical trials of cessation-seeking smokers (N\u2009=\u2009333) who maintained abstinence for 31-67\u00a0days. SWiSS items were selected from the POMS and the SJWQ using a procedure encompassing longitudinal trajectory preservation, multilevel factor analysis, psychometric evaluation, and predictive validation. Logistic and survival models were used to predict smoking outcomes from growth parameters of withdrawal symptoms across days 3-31 post-quit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The original 91-item pool was reduced to 28 items, forming five within-person factors: positive affect\/friendliness, negative affect, fatigue\/arousal, depression, and craving, plus one appetite item. These SWiSS factors demonstrated strong reliability and clean factor structure. Predictive validation results matched or exceeded original scales. Higher early post-quit PA\/friendliness was protective, whereas early craving and fatigue predicted greater relapse risk. Notably, PA was the only domain for which both early level and rate of recovery independently predicted cessation outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SWiSS is a relatively brief, psychometrically robust measure that preserves relapse-predicting information about withdrawal dynamics. Its development highlights low PA as a significant and understudied predictor of relapse risk, and supports the inclusion of PA items in smoking withdrawal measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The validation of the Short Withdrawal Symptom Scale (SWiSS) showed it to be as predictive of relapse as the substantially longer original scales from which it was derived. The relative brevity of this measure lightens assessment burden for researchers and participants, thereby increasing its feasibility for repeated longitudinal use. The SWiSS retains sufficient breadth to guide future research into positive affect\/friendliness, vigor, fatigue, and appetite as predictors of relapse, alongside more traditional predictors such as negative affect and craving. Additional analyses demonstrate that a further-reduced version retaining as few as 13 items across four subscales achieves comparable predictive performance, suggesting potential for future clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntag215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1790076942000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diminished positive affect as an understudied feature of nicotine withdrawal: development and validation of a short withdrawal symptom scale"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee on Quantitative Methods, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University New Brunswick , New Brunswick, NJ ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norka E","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale , Carbondale, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale , Carbondale, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03685.x","article-title":"How much unsuccessful quitting activity is going on among adult smokers? Data from the international tobacco control four country cohort survey","volume":"107","author":"Borland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref2","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Psychopathology: Experimental Models. A Series of Books in Psychology","author":"Solomon","year":"1977"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.33","article-title":"Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement","volume":"111","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2250-3","article-title":"Tobacco withdrawal components and their relations with cessation success","volume":"216","author":"Piper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.318","article-title":"Working memory-related neural activity predicts future smoking relapse","volume":"40","author":"Loughead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_320","volume-title":"Anhedonia: Preclinical, Translational, and Clinical Integration","author":"Gilbert","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa044","article-title":"Possible new symptoms of tobacco withdrawal III: reduced positive affect\u2014a review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Klemperer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00634151","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence","volume":"50","author":"Shiffman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1064-1297.7.4.354","article-title":"Development and validation of the Wisconsin smoking withdrawal scale","volume":"7","author":"Welsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000978","article-title":"Revision of the Wisconsin smoking withdrawal scale: development of brief and long forms","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548","article-title":"Addiction and the brain antireward system","volume":"59","author":"Koob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000981","article-title":"Expanding the scope of the withdrawal syndrome: anhedonia as a core nicotine withdrawal symptom","volume":"134","author":"Betts","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty262","article-title":"Withdrawal symptom, treatment mechanism, and\/or side effect? Developing an explicit measurement model for smoking cessation research","volume":"22","author":"Tonkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.1.74","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters","volume":"109","author":"Piasecki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701188919","article-title":"Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course","volume":"9","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001734067","article-title":"Recommendation for the assessment of tobacco craving and withdrawal in smoking cessation trials","volume":"6","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03838.x","article-title":"Comparative dynamics of four smoking withdrawal symptom scales","volume":"107","author":"Javitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.1.3","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal dynamics: I. Abstinence distress in lapsers and abstainers","volume":"112","author":"Piasecki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.1.14","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal dynamics: II. Improved tests of withdrawal-relapse relations","volume":"112","author":"Piasecki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044864","article-title":"Quantifying the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal. Verdejo Garc\u00eda a, ed","volume":"7","author":"Allsop","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.454","article-title":"Life before and after quitting smoking: an electronic diary study","volume":"115","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref23","volume-title":"Manual for the Profile of Mood States (POMS)","author":"McNair","year":"1971"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948020300020801","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 perceived barriers to smoking cessation - results from four Nordic countries","volume":"30","author":"Helgason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00003-8","article-title":"Effects of smoking abstinence on mood and craving in men: influences of negative-affect-related personality traits, habitual nicotine intake and repeated measurements","volume":"25","author":"Gilbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.1.142","article-title":"Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women","volume":"70","author":"Gilbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015382","article-title":"Neurotransmission-related genetic polymorphisms, negative affectivity traits, and gender predict tobacco abstinence symptoms across 44 days with and without nicotine patch","volume":"118","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000278","article-title":"Smoking abstinence symptoms across 67 days compared with randomized controls\u2014moderation by nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and negative-affect traits","volume":"27","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000369325","volume-title":"Progress in Respiratory Research","author":"Gilbert","year":", : .  ; , : .  ; 2015"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4509-1","article-title":"Negative affect subtypes and craving differentially predict long-term cessation success among smokers achieving initial abstinence","volume":"234","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref31","volume-title":"Revised Manual for the Profile of Mood States","author":"McNair","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref32","first-page":"1039","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association","author":"Gritz","year":"1973"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9893-4_68","volume-title":"STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales","author":"Shahid","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t05057-000","volume-title":"Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition\u2122","author":"Heuchert","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1923-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scale (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal","volume":"177","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref36","volume-title":"Smoking: Individual Differences, Psychopathology, and Emotion","author":"Gilbert","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P167","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/52B.4.P167","article-title":"The measurement of mood states in older adults","volume":"52B","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.5.761","article-title":"Nicotine, negative affect, and depression","volume":"61","author":"Hall","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.683","article-title":"Nortriptyline and cognitive-Behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking","volume":"55","author":"Hall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00107-6","article-title":"Self-reported abstinence effects in the first month after smoking cessation","volume":"26","author":"Ward","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01289.x","article-title":"A comparison of the psychometric properties of three cigarette withdrawal scales","volume":"101","author":"Etter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0238-0","article-title":"Translation and validation of the Malay version of Shiffman-Jarvik withdrawal scale and cessation self-efficacy questionnaire: a review of psychometric properties","volume":"13","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700005705","article-title":"Severity of withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of outcome of an attempt to quit smoking","volume":"19","author":"West","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000045","article-title":"Evaluating bifactor models: calculating and interpreting statistical indices","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr137","article-title":"Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerstr\u00f6m test for cigarette dependence","volume":"14","author":"Fagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0001174","article-title":"Assessing cigarette smoking withdrawal in unmedicated individuals: validating the Wisconsin smoking withdrawal scales version 3 (WSWS3)","author":"Kaye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026101512263019000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaf066","article-title":"Associations of trait psychomotor restlessness and agitation with tobacco withdrawal symptoms in a nonclinical sample of adults who smoke cigarettes","volume":"27","author":"Dyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"}],"container-title":["Nicotine &amp; Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntag215\/71345906\/ntag215.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntag215\/71345906\/ntag215.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:26:41Z","timestamp":1792081601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntag215\/8832230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntag215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"ntag215"}}