{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:27:19Z","timestamp":1780759639526,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,19]],"date-time":"2011-11-19T03:02:48Z","timestamp":1321671768000},"page":"425-433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Dissection of the Phenotypic and Genotypic Associations With Nicotinic Dependence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Li-Shiun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Grucza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric O.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Breslau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Hatsukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stevens S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Saccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Saccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Goate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bierut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.3.363","article-title":"Lifetime comorbidity of panic attacks and major depression in a population-based study. Symptom profiles","volume":"165","author":"Andrade","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib3","volume-title":"DSM-5 development proposed revision: Nicotine use disorder","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2010"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S555","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701673480","article-title":"Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: Implications for nicotine dependence","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp064","article-title":"Human neuronal acetylcholine receptor A5-A3-B4 haplotypes are associated with multiple nicotine dependence phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl441","article-title":"Novel genes identified in a high-density genome wide association study for nicotine dependence","volume":"16","author":"Bierut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.027276","article-title":"Origin and use of the 100 cigarette criterion in tobacco surveys","volume":"18","author":"Bondy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.7.1122","article-title":"Predicting smoking cessation and major depression in nicotine-dependent smokers","volume":"90","author":"Breslau","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990286","article-title":"The psychoses: Cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11","volume":"39","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00313.x","article-title":"The alcohol dependence syndrome: A concept as stimulus to enquiry","volume":"81","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6017.1058","article-title":"Alcohol dependence: Provisional description of a clinical syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"1976","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib12","volume-title":"QUANTO 1.1: A computer program for power and sample size calculations for genetic-epidemiology studies","author":"Gauderman","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x","article-title":"Measuring the heaviness of smoking: Using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day","volume":"84","author":"Heatherton","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9362","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903103106","article-title":"Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits","volume":"106","author":"Hindorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2009.00495.x","article-title":"SNPs in CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 are associated with alcohol consumption in a nationally representative sample","volume":"8","author":"Hoft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.031","article-title":"Concordance of different measures of nicotine dependence: Two pilot studies","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1972.tb01188.x","article-title":"On the loss-of-control phenomenon in alcoholism","volume":"67","author":"Keller","year":"1972","journal-title":"British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001582","article-title":"Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: Evidence from Australian twins","volume":"34","author":"Lessov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20377","article-title":"Proper analysis of secondary phenotype data in case-control association studies","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetic Epidemiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.572","article-title":"Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013298","article-title":"Refining the tobacco dependence phenotype using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives","volume":"117","author":"Piper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200600672765","article-title":"Assessing tobacco dependence: A guide to measure evaluation and selection","volume":"8","author":"Piper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802097563","article-title":"Assessing dimensions of nicotine dependence: An evaluation of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM)","volume":"10","author":"Piper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.2.139","article-title":"A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68)","volume":"72","author":"Piper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/01677060802572887","article-title":"Nicotine dependence pharmacogenetics: Role of genetic variation in nicotine-metabolizing enzymes","volume":"23","author":"Ray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurogenetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30828","article-title":"Multiple distinct risk loci for nicotine dependence identified by dense coverage of the complete family of nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRN) genes","volume":"150B","author":"Saccone","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2010.00608.x","article-title":"Multiple cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes affect nicotine dependence risk in African and European Americans","volume":"9","author":"Saccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl438","article-title":"Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs","volume":"16","author":"Saccone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.009","article-title":"Validation of the nicotine dependence syndrome scale (NDSS): A criterion-group design contrasting chippers and regular smokers","volume":"79","author":"Shiffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000202481","article-title":"The nicotine dependence syndrome scale: A multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence","volume":"6","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior","volume":"42","author":"Tobacco and Genetics Consortium","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.573","article-title":"Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior","volume":"42","author":"Thorgeirsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170714120709_bib33","first-page":"526","article-title":"The effect of alcohol on the nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Victor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Research Publications: Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease"}],"container-title":["Nicotine & Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/14\/4\/425\/18613602\/ntr231.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T19:58:07Z","timestamp":1503518287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntr231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntr231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-2203","1469-994X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-2203","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}