{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:27:33Z","timestamp":1790922453741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While effective Brief Tobacco Interventions (BTIs) are available for cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco, given the changing prevalence of tobacco and nicotine containing products (TNCPs), there is a need for interventions targeting a broader range of TNCPs (eg, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and hookah). The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of a BTI, a 40-minute intervention designed to intervene on four TNCPs in a sample of US military personnel during an 11-week period of involuntary tobacco abstinence, for reducing intentions to use TNCPs and increasing perceptions of harm of TNCPs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The BTI was administered to 1055 Airmen enrolled in Technical Training in the US Air Force. Assessments of perceived harm and intentions to use nine TNCPs (cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, snus, cigars, cigarillos, pipe, e-cigarettes, roll your own cigarettes, and hookah), were assessed at pretest and posttest (immediately following the BTI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Significant increases in perceived harm were observed across all nine TNCPs (all P &amp;lt; .0001) for both users and nonusers. Intentions to use TNCPs were significantly reduced for most products but mainly among users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results suggested that a BTI shows promise for impacting TNCP use in a military population. Further research should evaluate the behavioral outcomes (tobacco use) as a result of the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given that there are 220 000 new trainees in the military every year, the public health implications of an effective BTI targeting the most commonly used TNCPs for military trainees is considerable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T02:09:49Z","timestamp":1445998189000},"page":"1142-1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy of a Brief Tobacco Intervention for Tobacco and Nicotine Containing Product Use in the US Air Force"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center 1 \u00a0 , Memphis, TN ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald W.","family":"Talcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center 1 \u00a0 , Memphis, TN ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Bursac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center 1 \u00a0 , Memphis, TN ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany D.","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis A.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB 3 \u00a0 , San Antonio, TX ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick C.","family":"Messler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 341 MDG, Malmstrom AFB, MT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon O.","family":"Ebbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic 5 \u00a0 , Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Klesges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center 1 \u00a0 , Memphis, TN ;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0001","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0002","volume-title":"2011 DoD Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Personnel","author":"Department of Defense","year":"2013"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0003","first-page":"542","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults--United States, 2012\u20132013","volume":"63","author":"Agaku","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0004","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of tobacco and nicotine containing product use in a sample of United States Air Force Trainees [published online ahead of print April 20, 2015]","author":"Little","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0005","article-title":"The prevalence of e-cigarettes in a sample of US Air Force recruits","author":"Little","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0006","first-page":"884","article-title":"Relapse to smoking after basic military training in the U.S. Air Force","volume-title":"Mil Med","author":"Haddock","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0007","first-page":"952","article-title":"Efficacy of forced smoking cessation and an adjunctive behavioral treatment on long-term smoking rates","volume-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol","author":"Klesges","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0008","first-page":"295","article-title":"Efficacy of a tailored tobacco control program on long-term use in a population of U.S. military troops","volume-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol","author":"Klesges","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0009","author":"Bray","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50(2)","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3204_8","article-title":"Elementary school age children\u2019s future intentions and use of substances","volume":"32","author":"Andrews","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96231315.x","article-title":"Determining the probability of future smoking among adolescents","volume":"96","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1300\/J029v06n03_04","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior, domain specific self-efficacy and adolescent smoking","volume":"6","author":"Maher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00269.x","article-title":"Self-presentation, reasoned action, and adolescents: decisions to smoke cigarettes","volume":"19(7)","author":"Norman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.11.1019","article-title":"Perceived risks of heart disease and cancer among cigarette smokers","volume":"281","author":"Ayanian","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701648417","article-title":"Perceived risk of harm from cigarettes or smokeless tobacco among U.S. high school seniors","volume":"9","author":"Tomar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.07.009","article-title":"A comprehensive examination of hookah smoking in college students: use patterns and contexts, social norms and attitudes, harm perception, psychological correlates and co-occurring substance use","volume":"38","author":"Heinz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.02.011","article-title":"E-cigarette awareness and perceived harmfulness: prevalence and associations with smoking-cessation outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701825023","article-title":"Waterpipe tobacco smoking: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples","volume":"10","author":"Smith-Simone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0020","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975\u20132014: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use","author":"Johnston","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918368","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/918368","article-title":"Adult current smoking: differences in definitions and prevalence estimates--NHIS and NSDUH, 2008","volume":"2012","author":"Ryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr032","article-title":"Impact of differing definitions of dual tobacco use: implications for studying dual use and a call for operational definitions","volume":"13","author":"Klesges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.03.012","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hookah use in US Air Force military recruits","volume":"47","author":"Linde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0024","volume-title":"Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change","author":"Miller","year":"2012","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.958858","article-title":"Perceived harm of tobacco products and individual schemas of a smoker in relation to change in tobacco product use over one year among young adults","volume":"50","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.137679","article-title":"Perceptions of smoking-related risks and benefits as predictors of adolescent smoking initiation","volume":"99","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701540796","article-title":"Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-008-9047-6","article-title":"Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students","volume":"36","author":"Primack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2011.044149","article-title":"A systematic review of longitudinal population-based studies on the predictors of smoking cessation in adolescent and young adult smokers","volume":"21","author":"Cengelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.7232","article-title":"Establishing the predictive validity of intentions to smoke among preadolescents and adolescents surviving cancer","volume":"28","author":"Klosky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.02.011","article-title":"Predictors of smoking stage transitions for adolescent boys and girls","volume":"44","author":"Hoving","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0032","first-page":"67","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of adolescent smoking and its correlates","volume-title":"J Sch Health","author":"Eckhardt","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028763","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral economic supplement to brief motivational interventions for college drinking","volume":"80(5)","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036714","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of two brief alcohol interventions for OEF\/OIF veterans","volume":"82","author":"McDevitt-Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Consul Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0","article-title":"Implementation matters: a review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation","volume":"41","author":"Durlak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025052602214674800_CIT0036","first-page":"8","article-title":"America\u2019s Military Population","volume":"59","author":"Segal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Popul Bull"}],"container-title":["Nicotine &amp; Tobacco Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/18\/5\/1142\/63351165\/ntr_18_5_1142.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article-pdf\/18\/5\/1142\/63351165\/ntr_18_5_1142.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T06:22:01Z","timestamp":1748240521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ntr\/article\/18\/5\/1142\/2511623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntv242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-994X","1462-2203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-994X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1462-2203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]}}}